使用Python的Tornado框架实现一个简单的WebQQ机器人
我打算将WebQQ单独出来运行, 一开始直接拷贝了pyxmpp2的mainloop, 但是跑起来问题多多, 所以我又研究了利用Tornado进行网络编程(这里), 所以我放弃了Pyxmpp2的mainloop,使用Tornado进行重写
首先放出项目代码
引子
WebQQ协议是一套基于HTTP的QQ协议, 而用Python的urllib2库进行请求太慢, 因为HTTP本身就使用socket请求, 所以改用多路复用I/O模型, 而Tornado简单高效, 看过代码后可以轻松上手.平台兼容性很好, 所以选择Tornado作为网络框架.
原理
首先实现了一个 HTTPStream类, 其主要接口是add_request方法, 它接受一个必选参数:request 是一个 urllib2.Request的实例, 和一个可选参数:readback是一个接受一个urllib2.urlopen(request)返回的Response参数的读取函数, 代码如下:
class HTTPStream(object): # 省略若干代码 def add_request(self, request, readback = None): if not isinstance(request, urllib2.Request): raise ValueError, "Not a invaid requset" # 此处易触发timeout异常, 省略处理异常代码 sock, data = self.http_sock.make_http_sock_data(request) fd = sock.fileno() self.fd_map[fd] = sock self.fd_request_map[fd] = request callback = partial(self._handle_events, request, data, readback) self.ioloop.add_handler(fd, callback, IOLoop.WRITE)
HTTPStream.add_request将urllib2.Request的实例解析出一个socket和一个用于socket发送的数据.前面文章介绍过了, tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.add_handler用于将注册socket, 其需要三个参数: socket的文件描述符, 接受文件描述符和事件参数的回调, 和注册的事件.
我们用到的回调是HTTPStream._handle_events:
class HTTPStream(object): # 省略若干代码 def _handle_events(self, request, data, readback, fd, event): """ 用于处理Tornado事件 Arguments: `request` - urllib.Request `data` - socket要写入的数据 `readback` - 读取函数 以上参数应当使用partial封装然后将此方法作为IOLoop.add_handler的callback `fd` - IOLoop传递 文件描述符 `event` - IOLoop传递 tornado """ s = self.fd_map[fd] if event & IOLoop.READ: # 省略错误处理 resp = self.http_sock.make_response(s, request) args = readback(resp) s.setblocking(False) if args and len(args) == 3: t = threading.Thread(target = self.add_delay_request, args = args) t.setDaemon(True) t.start() if args and len(args) == 2: self.add_request(*args) self.ioloop.remove_handler(fd) if event & IOLoop.WRITE: s.sendall(data) if readback: self.ioloop.update_handler(fd, IOLoop.READ) else: self.ioloop.remove_handler(fd) if event & IOLoop.ERROR: pass
它接受的参数上面注释写的很清楚, 不做解释, 所以将此方法通过functools.partial封装做为callback传递给tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.add_handler, 并注册为写事件, 以便发送HTTP请求.
HTTPStream._handle_events用于处理事件, 当事件为写时就发送HTTP请求(根据urllib2.Request生成的用于发送的数据), 并判断是否有读取函数, 有则注册读事件, 当事件为读时就从socket中构建一个Response并传递给读取函数, 读取函数会返回3个值, 分别为: 下一个请求, 请求的读取函数(可为None, 为None则只请求不读取), 下一个请求的延迟(多长事件后添加此请求, 可选, 单位为秒)
依据读取函数返回的三个值来确定下一个请求, 并完成一系列的请求. 更加完整的代码请参见文章开头给出的项目代码
HTTPStream.http_sock.make_response执行时会将socket设为阻塞, 因为不设置阻塞会出现httplib.BadStatusLine异常.读取函数执行完毕,重新将socket设置为非阻塞, 并移除此socket(虽然做了这样的处理但是QQ连接时间稍长还是会触发httplib.BadStatusLine异常)

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