Home Backend Development Python Tutorial Python中的面向对象编程详解(上)

Python中的面向对象编程详解(上)

Jun 06, 2016 am 11:24 AM
python Object-Oriented Programming

创建类

Python 类使用 class 关键字来创建。简单的类的声明可以是关键字后紧跟类名:

代码如下:


class ClassName(bases):
    'class documentation string' #'类文档字符串'
    class_suite #类体


实例化

通过类名后跟一对圆括号实例化一个类

代码如下:


mc = MyClass() # instantiate class 初始化类
‘int()'构造器

def __int__(self):
    pass


注意:self类似Java的this关键字作用,它代码指向自身实例的引用

类属性

python的属性与Java和C++等面向对象语言不同,python的属性即包括了数据成员还包括函数元素,通过句点符号来访问.

特殊数据内建属性

C.name 类C的名字(字符串)
C.doc 类C的文档字符串
C.bases 类C的所有父类构成的元组
C.dict 类C的属性
C.module 类C定义所在的模块(1.5 版本新增)
C.class 实例C对应的类(仅新式类中)

特殊方法内建属性

dir():获得类属性或者实例属性名字列表.

静态变量属性

直接在class作用域定义

代码如下:


class C(object):
    foo = 100


实例变量属性

python的实例属性与Java和C++等不同.在Java和C++中,实例属性必须首先声明/定义,而python实例属性是动态创建。设置实例的属性可以在实例创建后任意时间进行,也可以在能够访问实例的代码中进行。构造
器init()是设置这些属性的关键点之一。

代码如下:


    def __init__(self, name, data):
        self.name = name
        self.data = "123'


注意:self类似Java的this关键字作用,它代码指向自身实例的引用

方法属性

分为实例方法和类方法.实例方法只属于一个实例;而类方法即属于类所有,也属于实例所有.

实例方法

代码如下:


class MyClass(object):
    def myNoActionMethod(self):
    pass


注意:self类似Java的this关键字作用,它代码指向自身实例的引用

静态方法

静态方法是类级别的方法,不需要实例化类就可以直接调用.有两种方法定义

●装饰器(常用)

代码如下:


    @staticmethod  
    def foo():
        print 'call static method'


●内建函数

代码如下:


    def foo():
        print 'call static method'
    foo = staticmethod(foo) #静态方法

类方法

静态方法是类级别的方法, 与静态方法不同的是,它必须显示传入cls类参数;而且如果还需要调用类中其他的静态方法,或者类方法的函数, 要定义成类方法. 与静态方法类似,也有两种方法定义.

●装饰器(常用)

代码如下:


    @classmethod   
    def bar(cls):
        print 'call class method and access static varible(staticVar): ', cls.staticVar


●内建函数

代码如下:


def bar(cls):
        print 'call class method and access static varible(staticVar): ', cls.staticVar
    bar = classmethod(bar)  #类方法


实例详解

代码如下:


#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf-8

class Target(): #定义类Target
    'This is Target definition' #定义__doc__属性

    staticVar = 'v1.0'  #定义静态变量

    def __init__(self, name = 'default', data = 0): #定义构造函数
        self.name = name    #实例变量
        self.data = data    #实例变量
        print "init instance"

    def main():
        print "this is a test function"

    '''
    可以用装饰器定义静态方法
    @staticmethod  
    def foo():
        print 'call static method'
    '''
    def foo():
        print 'call static method'
    foo = staticmethod(foo) #静态方法

    '''
    可以用装饰器定义类方法
    @classmethod   
    def bar(cls):
        print 'call class method and access static varible(staticVar): ', cls.staticVar
    '''
    def bar(cls):
        print 'call class method and access static varible(staticVar): ', cls.staticVar
    bar = classmethod(bar)  #类方法

    #只有调用本模块的时候main()方法才生效
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        main()

#实例化
target = Target('aaa', 123)
print 'name is: ', target.name
print 'data is: ', target.data

#打印__doc__属性
print 'target.__doc__ is: ', target.__doc__

#打印类__dict__属性
print 'Target.__dict__ is: ', Target.__dict__

#打印静态变量
print 'staticVar is: ', Target.staticVar

#打印内建函数dir()
print 'dir() is: ', dir(Target)

#调用静态方法
Target.foo()

#调用类方法
Target.bar()

输出

代码如下:


this is a test function
init instance
name is:  aaa
data is:  123
target.__doc__ is:  This is Target definition
Target.__dict__ is:  {'__module__': '__main__', 'foo': , 'bar': , 'staticVar': 'v1.0', 'main': , '__doc__': 'This is Target definition', '__init__': }
staticVar is:  v1.0
dir() is:  ['__doc__', '__init__', '__module__', 'bar', 'foo', 'main', 'staticVar']
call static method
call class method and access static varible(staticVar):  v1.0

Statement of this Website
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap

Video Face Swap

Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Roblox: Bubble Gum Simulator Infinity - How To Get And Use Royal Keys
3 weeks ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
Nordhold: Fusion System, Explained
3 weeks ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
Mandragora: Whispers Of The Witch Tree - How To Unlock The Grappling Hook
3 weeks ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1

Notepad++7.3.1

Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version

SublimeText3 Chinese version

Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6

Dreamweaver CS6

Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Hot Topics

Java Tutorial
1665
14
PHP Tutorial
1269
29
C# Tutorial
1249
24
PHP and Python: Different Paradigms Explained PHP and Python: Different Paradigms Explained Apr 18, 2025 am 12:26 AM

PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.

Choosing Between PHP and Python: A Guide Choosing Between PHP and Python: A Guide Apr 18, 2025 am 12:24 AM

PHP is suitable for web development and rapid prototyping, and Python is suitable for data science and machine learning. 1.PHP is used for dynamic web development, with simple syntax and suitable for rapid development. 2. Python has concise syntax, is suitable for multiple fields, and has a strong library ecosystem.

How to run sublime code python How to run sublime code python Apr 16, 2025 am 08:48 AM

To run Python code in Sublime Text, you need to install the Python plug-in first, then create a .py file and write the code, and finally press Ctrl B to run the code, and the output will be displayed in the console.

PHP and Python: A Deep Dive into Their History PHP and Python: A Deep Dive into Their History Apr 18, 2025 am 12:25 AM

PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.

Python vs. JavaScript: The Learning Curve and Ease of Use Python vs. JavaScript: The Learning Curve and Ease of Use Apr 16, 2025 am 12:12 AM

Python is more suitable for beginners, with a smooth learning curve and concise syntax; JavaScript is suitable for front-end development, with a steep learning curve and flexible syntax. 1. Python syntax is intuitive and suitable for data science and back-end development. 2. JavaScript is flexible and widely used in front-end and server-side programming.

Golang vs. Python: Performance and Scalability Golang vs. Python: Performance and Scalability Apr 19, 2025 am 12:18 AM

Golang is better than Python in terms of performance and scalability. 1) Golang's compilation-type characteristics and efficient concurrency model make it perform well in high concurrency scenarios. 2) Python, as an interpreted language, executes slowly, but can optimize performance through tools such as Cython.

Where to write code in vscode Where to write code in vscode Apr 15, 2025 pm 09:54 PM

Writing code in Visual Studio Code (VSCode) is simple and easy to use. Just install VSCode, create a project, select a language, create a file, write code, save and run it. The advantages of VSCode include cross-platform, free and open source, powerful features, rich extensions, and lightweight and fast.

How to run python with notepad How to run python with notepad Apr 16, 2025 pm 07:33 PM

Running Python code in Notepad requires the Python executable and NppExec plug-in to be installed. After installing Python and adding PATH to it, configure the command "python" and the parameter "{CURRENT_DIRECTORY}{FILE_NAME}" in the NppExec plug-in to run Python code in Notepad through the shortcut key "F6".

See all articles