零基础写python爬虫之urllib2使用指南
前面说到了urllib2的简单入门,下面整理了一部分urllib2的使用细节。
1.Proxy 的设置
urllib2 默认会使用环境变量 http_proxy 来设置 HTTP Proxy。
如果想在程序中明确控制 Proxy 而不受环境变量的影响,可以使用代理。
新建test14来实现一个简单的代理Demo:
代码如下:
import urllib2
enable_proxy = True
proxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler({"http" : 'http://some-proxy.com:8080'})
null_proxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler({})
if enable_proxy:
opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy_handler)
else:
opener = urllib2.build_opener(null_proxy_handler)
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
这里要注意的一个细节,使用 urllib2.install_opener() 会设置 urllib2 的全局 opener 。
这样后面的使用会很方便,但不能做更细致的控制,比如想在程序中使用两个不同的 Proxy 设置等。
比较好的做法是不使用 install_opener 去更改全局的设置,而只是直接调用 opener 的 open 方法代替全局的 urlopen 方法。
2.Timeout 设置
在老版 Python 中(Python2.6前),urllib2 的 API 并没有暴露 Timeout 的设置,要设置 Timeout 值,只能更改 Socket 的全局 Timeout 值。
代码如下:
import urllib2
import socket
socket.setdefaulttimeout(10) # 10 秒钟后超时
urllib2.socket.setdefaulttimeout(10) # 另一种方式
在 Python 2.6 以后,超时可以通过 urllib2.urlopen() 的 timeout 参数直接设置。
代码如下:
import urllib2
response = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.google.com', timeout=10)
3.在 HTTP Request 中加入特定的 Header
要加入 header,需要使用 Request 对象:
代码如下:
import urllib2
request = urllib2.Request('http://www.baidu.com/')
request.add_header('User-Agent', 'fake-client')
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
print response.read()
对有些 header 要特别留意,服务器会针对这些 header 做检查
User-Agent : 有些服务器或 Proxy 会通过该值来判断是否是浏览器发出的请求
Content-Type : 在使用 REST 接口时,服务器会检查该值,用来确定 HTTP Body 中的内容该怎样解析。常见的取值有:
application/xml : 在 XML RPC,如 RESTful/SOAP 调用时使用
application/json : 在 JSON RPC 调用时使用
application/x-www-form-urlencoded : 浏览器提交 Web 表单时使用
在使用服务器提供的 RESTful 或 SOAP 服务时, Content-Type 设置错误会导致服务器拒绝服务
4.Redirect
urllib2 默认情况下会针对 HTTP 3XX 返回码自动进行 redirect 动作,无需人工配置。要检测是否发生了 redirect 动作,只要检查一下 Response 的 URL 和 Request 的 URL 是否一致就可以了。
代码如下:
import urllib2
my_url = 'http://www.google.cn'
response = urllib2.urlopen(my_url)
redirected = response.geturl() == my_url
print redirected
my_url = 'http://rrurl.cn/b1UZuP'
response = urllib2.urlopen(my_url)
redirected = response.geturl() == my_url
print redirected
如果不想自动 redirect,除了使用更低层次的 httplib 库之外,还可以自定义HTTPRedirectHandler 类。
代码如下:
import urllib2
class RedirectHandler(urllib2.HTTPRedirectHandler):
def http_error_301(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
print "301"
pass
def http_error_302(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
print "303"
pass
opener = urllib2.build_opener(RedirectHandler)
opener.open('http://rrurl.cn/b1UZuP')
5.Cookie
urllib2 对 Cookie 的处理也是自动的。如果需要得到某个 Cookie 项的值,可以这么做:
代码如下:
import urllib2
import cookielib
cookie = cookielib.CookieJar()
opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie))
response = opener.open('http://www.baidu.com')
for item in cookie:
print 'Name = '+item.name
print 'Value = '+item.value
运行之后就会输出访问百度的Cookie值:
6.使用 HTTP 的 PUT 和 DELETE 方法
urllib2 只支持 HTTP 的 GET 和 POST 方法,如果要使用 HTTP PUT 和 DELETE ,只能使用比较低层的 httplib 库。虽然如此,我们还是能通过下面的方式,使 urllib2 能够发出 PUT 或DELETE 的请求:
代码如下:
import urllib2
request = urllib2.Request(uri, data=data)
request.get_method = lambda: 'PUT' # or 'DELETE'
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
7.得到 HTTP 的返回码
对于 200 OK 来说,只要使用 urlopen 返回的 response 对象的 getcode() 方法就可以得到 HTTP 的返回码。但对其它返回码来说,urlopen 会抛出异常。这时候,就要检查异常对象的 code 属性了:
代码如下:
import urllib2
try:
response = urllib2.urlopen('http://bbs.csdn.net/why')
except urllib2.HTTPError, e:
print e.code
8.Debug Log
使用 urllib2 时,可以通过下面的方法把 debug Log 打开,这样收发包的内容就会在屏幕上打印出来,方便调试,有时可以省去抓包的工作
代码如下:
import urllib2
httpHandler = urllib2.HTTPHandler(debuglevel=1)
httpsHandler = urllib2.HTTPSHandler(debuglevel=1)
opener = urllib2.build_opener(httpHandler, httpsHandler)
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
response = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.google.com')
这样就可以看到传输的数据包内容了:
9.表单的处理
登录必要填表,表单怎么填?
首先利用工具截取所要填表的内容。
比如我一般用firefox+httpfox插件来看看自己到底发送了些什么包。
以verycd为例,先找到自己发的POST请求,以及POST表单项。
可以看到verycd的话需要填username,password,continueURI,fk,login_submit这几项,其中fk是随机生成的(其实不太随机,看上去像是把epoch时间经过简单的编码生成的),需要从网页获取,也就是说得先访问一次网页,用正则表达式等工具截取返回数据中的fk项。continueURI顾名思义可以随便写,login_submit是固定的,这从源码可以看出。还有username,password那就很显然了:
代码如下:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import urllib
import urllib2
postdata=urllib.urlencode({
'username':'汪小光',
'password':'why888',
'continueURI':'http://www.verycd.com/',
'fk':'',
'login_submit':'登录'
})
req = urllib2.Request(
url = 'http://secure.verycd.com/signin',
data = postdata
)
result = urllib2.urlopen(req)
print result.read()
10.伪装成浏览器访问
某些网站反感爬虫的到访,于是对爬虫一律拒绝请求
这时候我们需要伪装成浏览器,这可以通过修改http包中的header来实现
代码如下:
#…
headers = {
'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US; rv:1.9.1.6) Gecko/20091201 Firefox/3.5.6'
}
req = urllib2.Request(
url = 'http://secure.verycd.com/signin/*/http://www.verycd.com/',
data = postdata,
headers = headers
)
#...
11.对付"反盗链"
某些站点有所谓的反盗链设置,其实说穿了很简单,
就是检查你发送请求的header里面,referer站点是不是他自己,
所以我们只需要像把headers的referer改成该网站即可,以cnbeta为例:
#...
headers = {
'Referer':'http://www.cnbeta.com/articles'
}
#...
headers是一个dict数据结构,你可以放入任何想要的header,来做一些伪装。
例如,有些网站喜欢读取header中的X-Forwarded-For来看看人家的真实IP,可以直接把X-Forwarde-For改了。

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