Home Backend Development Python Tutorial Python中编写ORM框架的入门指引

Python中编写ORM框架的入门指引

Jun 06, 2016 am 11:14 AM
python

有了db模块,操作数据库直接写SQL就很方便。但是,我们还缺少ORM。如果有了ORM,就可以用类似这样的语句获取User对象:

user = User.get('123')

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而不是写SQL然后再转换成User对象:

u = db.select_one('select * from users where id=?', '123')
user = User(**u)

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所以我们开始编写ORM模块:transwarp.orm。
设计ORM接口

和设计db模块类似,设计ORM也是从上层调用者角度来设计。

我们先考虑如何定义一个User对象,然后把数据库表users和它关联起来。

from transwarp.orm import Model, StringField, IntegerField

class User(Model):
  __table__ = 'users'
  id = IntegerField(primary_key=True)
  name = StringField()

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注意到定义在User类中的__table__、id和name是类的属性,不是实例的属性。所以,在类级别上定义的属性用来描述User对象和表的映射关系,而实例属性必须通过__init__()方法去初始化,所以两者互不干扰:

# 创建实例:
user = User(id=123, name='Michael')
# 存入数据库:
user.insert()

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实现ORM模块

有了定义,我们就可以开始实现ORM模块。

首先要定义的是所有ORM映射的基类Model:

class Model(dict):
  __metaclass__ = ModelMetaclass

  def __init__(self, **kw):
    super(Model, self).__init__(**kw)

  def __getattr__(self, key):
    try:
      return self[key]
    except KeyError:
      raise AttributeError(r"'Dict' object has no attribute '%s'" % key)

  def __setattr__(self, key, value):
    self[key] = value

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Model从dict继承,所以具备所有dict的功能,同时又实现了特殊方法__getattr__()和__setattr__(),所以又可以像引用普通字段那样写:

>>> user['id']
123
>>> user.id
123

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Model只是一个基类,如何将具体的子类如User的映射信息读取出来呢?答案就是通过metaclass:ModelMetaclass:

class ModelMetaclass(type):
  def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
    mapping = ... # 读取cls的Field字段
    primary_key = ... # 查找primary_key字段
    __table__ = cls.__talbe__ # 读取cls的__table__字段
    # 给cls增加一些字段:
    attrs['__mapping__'] = mapping
    attrs['__primary_key__'] = __primary_key__
    attrs['__table__'] = __table__
    return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

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这样,任何继承自Model的类(比如User),会自动通过ModelMetaclass扫描映射关系,并存储到自身的class中。

然后,我们往Model类添加class方法,就可以让所有子类调用class方法:

class Model(dict):

  ...

  @classmethod
  def get(cls, pk):
    d = db.select_one('select * from %s where %s=?' % (cls.__table__, cls.__primary_key__.name), pk)
    return cls(**d) if d else None

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User类就可以通过类方法实现主键查找:

user = User.get('123')

往Model类添加实例方法,就可以让所有子类调用实例方法:

class Model(dict):

  ...

  def insert(self):
    params = {}
    for k, v in self.__mappings__.iteritems():
      params[v.name] = getattr(self, k)
    db.insert(self.__table__, **params)
    return self

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这样,就可以把一个User实例存入数据库:

user = User(id=123, name='Michael')
user.insert()

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最后一步是完善ORM,对于查找,我们可以实现以下方法:

  find_first()

  find_all()

  find_by()

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对于count,可以实现:

 count_all()

 count_by()

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以及update()和delete()方法。

最后看看我们实现的ORM模块一共多少行代码?加上注释和doctest才仅仅300多行。用Python写一个ORM是不是很容易呢?

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