MySQL进阶_SELECT篇_MySQL
MySQL中SELECT语句的基本语法是:
SELECT [STRAIGHT_JOIN] [SQL_SMALL_RESULT] [SQL_BIG_RESULT] [HIGH_PRIORITY] [DISTINCT|DISTINCTROW|ALL] select_list [INTO {OUTFILE|DUMPFILE} 'file_name' export_options] [FROM table_references [WHERE where_definition] [GROUP BY col_name,...] [HAVING where_definition] [ORDER BY {unsighed_integer|col_name|formura} [ASC|DESC],...] [LIMIT [offset,] rows] [PROCEDURE procedure_name]]
从这个基本语法可以看出,最简单的SELECT语句是SELECT select_list,实际上利用这个最简单的SELECT语句,你也可以完成许多你期待的功能,首先你能利用它进行MySQL所支持的任何运算,例如:SELECT 1 1,它将返回2;其次,你也能利用它给变量赋值,而在PHP中,运用SELECT语句的这种功能,你就可以自由地运用MySQL的函数为PHP程序进行各种运算,并赋值给变量。在很多的时候,你会发现MySQL拥有许多比PHP更为功能强大的函数。
STRAIGHT_JOIN、SQL_SMALL_RESULT、SQL_BIG_RESULT、HIGH_PRIORITY是MySQL对ANSI SQL92的扩展。如果优化器以非最佳次序联结表,使用STRAIGHT_JOIN可以加快查询。
SQL_SMALL_RESULT和SQL_BIG_RESULT是一组相对的关键词。它们必须与GROUP BY、DISTINCT或DISTINCTROW一起使用。SQL_SMALL_RESULT告知优化器结果会很小,要求MySQL使用临时表存储最终的表而不是使用排序;反之,SQL_BIG_RESULT告知优化器结果会很小,要求MySQL使用排序而不是做临时表。
HIGH_PRIORITY将赋予SELECT比一个更新表的语句更高的优先级,使之可以进行一次优先的快速的查询。
以上四个关键词的使用方法的确比较晦涩。幸运的是,在绝大多数情况下,在MySQL中我们完全可以选择不使用这四个关键词。
DISTINCT、DISTINCTROW对查询返回的结果集提供了一个最基本但是很有用的过滤。那就是结果集中只含非重复行。在这里要注意的是,对关键词DISTINCT、DISTINCTROW来说,空值都是相等的,无论有多少NULL值,只选择一个。而ALL的用法就有画蛇添足之嫌了。它对结果集的产生没有任何影响。
INTO {OUTFILE|DUMPFILE} 'file_name' export_options,将结果集写入一个文件。文件在服务器主机上被创建,并且不能是已经存在的。语句中的export_options部分的语法与用在LOAD DATAINFILE语句中的FIELDS和LINES子句中的相同,我们将在MySQL进阶_LOAD DATA篇中详细讨论它。而OUTFILE与DUMPFILE的关键字的区别是:后前只写一行到文件,并没有任何列或行结束。

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