How to install MariaDB database on Debian 12

MariaDB is an open source multi-threaded relational database management system and a replacement for MySQL. MariaDB is the default replacement for MySQL in Debian.

This tutorial explains how to install MariaDB on Debian 12.

Preparation conditions

1. A VPS virtual machine with Debian 12 installed (it is recommended that you purchase an Alibaba Cloud VPS or Tencent Cloud VPS virtual host. If you prefer foreign servers, it is recommended that you try VPS on Vultr, and you will get $50 for registration. USD experience, very cost-effective), of course you can also use it on your own computer or virtual machine.

2. If you use VPS, for security reasons, it is recommended to use a non-root account. You can create an account with sudo permissions on Debian 12.

Install MariaDB

At the time of writing this article, the latest MariaDB version available in Debian main is version 10.11.4, so you can install it directly from the command line using the command.

First, perform the following steps as root or user with sudo privileges to install MariaDB on Debian 12:

Execute the following command in the command terminal to install the MariaDB database.

1. Update software package

sudo apt update
sudo apt install mariadb-server

2. After the installation is completed, the database service will start automatically. You can check whether the service is normal through the following command.

sudo systemctl status mariadb

You will see output similar to the following:

● mariadb.service - MariaDB 10.11.4 database server
    Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
    Active: active (running) since Sun 2024-01-14 13:16:27 CST; 22h ago
      Docs: man:mariadbd(8)
            https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/systemd/
  Main PID: 5224 (mariadbd)
    Status: "Taking your SQL requests now..."
    Tasks: 8 (limit: 2235)
    Memory: 161.6M
      CPU: 1.791s
    CGroup: /system.slice/mariadb.service
            └─5224 /usr/sbin/mariadbd

Strengthen MariaDB security

MariaDB comes with a script that can help you make your installation more secure. To start the script type mysql_secure_installation in the terminal:

sudo mysql_secure_installation

During script execution, you will be prompted to set a password for the root user, delete anonymous users, restrict the root user's access to the local computer, and delete the test database.

Similar to the following:

...
Enter current password for root (enter for none):
...
Set root password? [Y/n] Y
New password:
Re-enter new password:
...
Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] Y
...
Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] Y
...
Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] Y
...
Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] Y
...
Thanks for using MariaDB!

After configuring options, the script will reload the permissions table, ensuring changes take effect immediately.

All steps will be explained in detail. If you have no special personal requirements, it is recommended to select "Y" (yes) for all questions.

Authentication method

By default, the MariaDB root user uses the unix_socket authentication plugin, which checks the valid user ID when calling the mysql client tool.

This means that you can only connect to the MariaDB server as root if you call the mysql command as the system root or add sudo to the command.

For improved security, it is recommended to keep the default authentication plugin and allow the root user to authenticate only through Unix sockets.

If you want to change root authentication to classic authentication, log in to the MariaDB server and execute in the command line terminal:

sudo mysql

Run the following SQL statement to change authentication:

ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED VIA mysql_native_password;
ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_root_passwd';

You can now connect to the MariaDB server using the new password:

mysql -u root -p

The Change Authentication plugin also allows you to log in as root from an external program such as phpMyAdmin

Write at the end

In this tutorial, we show you how to install MariaDB database on Debian 12 server.

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