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五个常见 PHP 数据库问题_PHP

Jun 01, 2016 pm 12:25 PM
array id name users common database question

揭露 PHP 应用程序中出现的五个常见数据库问题 —— 包括数据库模式设计、数据库访问和使用数据库的业务逻辑代码 —— 以及它们的解决方案。

如果只有一种 方式使用数据库是正确的……

    您可以用很多的方式创建数据库设计、数据库访问和基于数据库的 PHP 业务逻辑代码,但最终一般以错误告终。本文说明了数据库设计和访问数据库的 PHP 代码中出现的五个常见问题,以及在遇到这些问题时如何修复它们。

问题 1:直接使用 MySQL

一个常见问题是较老的 PHP 代码直接使用 <font face="新宋体">mysql_</font> 函数来访问数据库。清单 1 展示了如何直接访问数据库。


清单 1. Access/get.php
<?php
function get_user_id( $name )
{
  $db = mysql_connect( 'localhost', 'root', 'password' );
  mysql_select_db( 'users' );

  $res = mysql_query( "SELECT id FROM users WHERE login='".$name."'" );
  while( $row = mysql_fetch_array( $res ) ) { $id = $row[0]; }

  return $id;
}

var_dump( get_user_id( 'jack' ) );
?>
Copy after login

注意使用了 <FONT face=新宋体>mysql_connect</FONT> 函数来访问数据库。还要注意查询,其中使用字符串连接来向查询添加 <FONT face=新宋体>$name</FONT> 参数。

该技术有两个很好的替代方案:PEAR DB 模块和 PHP Data Objects (PDO) 类。两者都从特定数据库选择提供抽象。因此,您的代码无需太多调整就可以在 IBM® DB2®、MySQL、PostgreSQL 或者您想要连接到的任何其他数据库上运行。

使用 PEAR DB 模块和 PDO 抽象层的另一个价值在于您可以在 SQL 语句中使用 <FONT face=新宋体>?</FONT> 操作符。这样做可使 SQL 更加易于维护,且可使您的应用程序免受 SQL 注入攻击。

使用 PEAR DB 的替代代码如下所示。


清单 2. Access/get_good.php
<?php
require_once("DB.php");

function get_user_id( $name )
{
  $dsn = 'mysql://root:password@localhost/users';
  $db =& DB::Connect( $dsn, array() );
  if (PEAR::isError($db)) { die($db->getMessage()); }

  $res = $db->query( 'SELECT id FROM users WHERE login=?',
  array( $name ) );
  $id = null;
  while( $res->fetchInto( $row ) ) { $id = $row[0]; }

  return $id;
}

var_dump( get_user_id( 'jack' ) );
?>
Copy after login

    注意,所有直接用到 MySQL 的地方都消除了,只有 <font face="新宋体">$dsn</font> 中的数据库连接字符串除外。此外,我们通过 <font face="新宋体">?</font> 操作符在 SQL 中使用 <font face="新宋体">$name</font> 变量。然后,查询的数据通过 <font face="新宋体">query()</font> 方法末尾的 <font face="新宋体">array</font> 被发送进来。

 

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