Master-slave DNS deployment--super detailed experimental operation

At the request of readers, today I will add some knowledge about DNS master and slave.

Regarding master-slave DNS deployment, it is rarely used in work, but in order to allow everyone to quickly set up an environment when encountering it, here is a practice.

Install dns software:

[root@slave1 ~]# yum -y install bind*

Configuration file analysis

/etc/named.conf This configuration file is mainly divided into three sections. Options is the global configuration, logging is the log configuration, and finally the regional parsing library configuration and the included regional parsing library file configuration.

[root@slave1 ~]# vim /etc/named.conf
options {
        listen-on port 53 { 10.0.0.62; };
        listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
        directory "/var/named";
        dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
        statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
        memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
        recursing-file "/var/named/data/named.recursing";
        secroots-file "/var/named/data/named.secroots";
        allow-query { any; };

        /*
         - If you are building an AUTHORITATIVE DNS server, do NOT enable recursion.
         - If you are building a RECURSIVE (caching) DNS server, you need to enable
           recursion.
         - If your recursive DNS server has a public IP address, you MUST enable access
           control to limit queries to your legitimate users. Failing to do so will
           cause your server to become part of large scale DNS amplification
           attacks. Implementing BCP38 within your network would greatly
           reduce such attack surface
        */
        recursion yes;

        dnssec-enable yes;
        dnssec-validation yes;

        /* Path to ISC DLV key */
        bindkeys-file "/etc/named.root.key";

        managed-keys-directory "/var/named/dynamic";

        pid-file "/run/named/named.pid";
        session-keyfile "/run/named/session.key";
};

logging {
        channel default_debug {
                file "data/named.run";
                severity dynamic;
        };
};

//.表示根区域,这个区域是必须要有的
zone "." IN {
        type hint; //指定根区域类型。
        file "named.ca"; //指定根区域解析库文件名称所在位置，相对于/var/named
};

//指定区域文件名称，所有的区域定义都可以写在named.rfc1912.zones文件中
include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";
include "/etc/named.root.key";

配置文件详解：

listen-on port 53 { 10.0.0.62; };表示监听的端口和IP地址，其中{}内部两端都要有空格，IP地址要以;号结尾。

directory指定named的工作目录，后面的域配置文件、日志文件都存放在这里。例如上面示例中的named.ca就是保存在/var/named中

allow-query表示允许哪些主机可以访问当前dns服务，改成any表示任何主机都可以访问当前的dns服务

recursion如果你打算构建一个递归（缓存）DNS服务器，那这里就要设置为yes；如果是构建权威服务器，那这里就应该设置为off。

zone用于定义DNS服务器所服务的区域，其中包括区域名、区域类型和区域文件名等信息。

DNS zones are divided into two categories: forward lookup zone and reverse lookup zone.

The forward lookup area is used for the mapping of FQDN (host name domain name) to IP address. When the DNS client requests to resolve a certain FQDN, the DNS server performs it in the forward lookup area. Search and return the corresponding IP address to the DNS client;

The reverse lookup area is used for mapping IP addresses to FQDN. When the DNS client requests to resolve an IP address, The DNS server performs a lookup in the reverse lookup zone and returns the corresponding FQDN to the DNS client.

#file: Specify the name of the zone database file. Double quotes should be used around the file name. Only the file name is written here. Where is the corresponding file saved? In fact, its saving location is specified by the directory option in the options section. This option defaults to /var/named.

type: Specify the area type. There are types such as hint, master, slave and forward, which respectively represent the root zone, primary zone, auxiliary zone and forward zone. Hint means to hand it over to the root, indicating that the root zone type is a buffer server.

Recursive DNS server, authoritative DNS server

1. Recursive server

When the client initiates an Internet request and does not obtain the corresponding resolution record after querying various local caches, it will initiate a query request to the local DNS server. In addition, search the top technology background of the public account and reply "API interface" to get a surprise gift package.

The local DNS server will first query its own local cache. If there is a result, it will be returned directly to the client. If there is no result, it will replace the client and send it to the root DNS server, top-level domain name server, secondary domain name server, etc. Level-level domain name servers and other level-level recursive queries continue, and finally the authoritative server corresponding to the domain name is found to obtain the result and return it to the client, while saving the record to the local cache.

Summary: During the entire DNS query process, except for the client initiating requests to the local domain name server (or local DNS server) at the beginning, the rest of the time is sent by the local domain name server. Instead of doing a recursive query. The local domain name server here is the recursive DNS server.

2. Authoritative server

The server responsible for the final resolution of the domain name is the authoritative server. The authoritative server is different from the recursive server. It is not responsible for helping the client perform recursive queries and return resolution records. Its purpose is to resolve domain names.

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每个特定的域名，权威DNS服务器可能并不相同。这种权威DNS服务器只对自己所拥有的域名进行域名解析，对于自己不负责域名则无法进行解析。比如递归DNS去taobao.com的权威DNS服务器查询baidu.com的域名肯定会查询失败。

因此递归解析服务器是运营商搭建，帮助所属网络用户去响应的权威DNS服务器查询解析结果。而权威解析服务器一般是企业自建或域名服务商建设，给购买域名的企业和个人使用，方便其对域名进行解析管理。

配置主服务器

[root@slave1 ~]# vim /etc/named.conf
options {
        listen-on port 53 { 10.0.0.62; }; //主服务器的地址
        listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
        directory "/var/named";
        dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
        statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
        memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
        recursing-file "/var/named/data/named.recursing";
        secroots-file "/var/named/data/named.secroots";
        allow-query { any; }; //允许任何主机可以访问本DNS服务

        /*
         - If you are building an AUTHORITATIVE DNS server, do NOT enable recursion.
         - If you are building a RECURSIVE (caching) DNS server, you need to enable
           recursion.
         - If your recursive DNS server has a public IP address, you MUST enable access
           control to limit queries to your legitimate users. Failing to do so will
           cause your server to become part of large scale DNS amplification
           attacks. Implementing BCP38 within your network would greatly
           reduce such attack surface
        */
        recursion yes; //配置成递归DNS服务器

        dnssec-enable yes;
        dnssec-validation yes;

        /* Path to ISC DLV key */
        bindkeys-file "/etc/named.root.key";

        managed-keys-directory "/var/named/dynamic";

        pid-file "/run/named/named.pid";
        session-keyfile "/run/named/session.key";
};

logging {
        channel default_debug {
                file "data/named.run";
                severity dynamic;
        };
};

zone "." IN {
        type hint;
        file "named.ca";
};

include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";
include "/etc/named.root.key";


# 在/etc/named.rfc1912.zones文件末尾添加正向解析区域和反向解析区域
[root@slave1 ~]# vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones
......
// 在文件最后添加一个正向解析区域,并定义为主服务器
zone "test1.com" IN {
    type master; //master表示主服务器
    file "test1.com.zone"; //指明区域解析库文件，相对于/var/named/
};

//在文件最后添加一个反向解析区域，并定义为主服务器
zone "0.0.10.in-addr.arpa" IN {
    type master;
    file "test1.com.local";
};

创建test1.com.zone解析库文件

# 复制模板来创建区域文件
[root@slave1 ~]# cd /var/named/

# 注意：复制的时候要用-a选项，以便保持用户拥有者等属性信息，否则named程序无法解析。当然你也可以手动修改属性，使复制后的文件的拥有者和所属组都是named
[root@slave1 named]# cp -a named.localhost test1.com.zone
[root@slave1 named]# cp -a named.loopback test1.com.local

# 设置正向解析
[root@slave1 named]# cat test1.com.zone
$TTL 1D
@ IN SOA @ rname.invalid. (
          0  ; serial
          1D ; refresh
          1H ; retry
          1W ; expire
          3H ) ; minimum
  NS @
  A 10.0.0.62
www IN A 10.0.0.62
ftp IN A 10.0.0.62
mail IN CNAME www

# 设置反向解析
[root@slave1 named]# cat test1.com.local
$TTL 1D
@ IN SOA test1.com. rname.invalid. (
          0  ; serial
          1D ; refresh
          1H ; retry
          1W ; expire
          3H ) ; minimum
  NS test1.com.
  A 10.0.0.62
10 IN PTR www.test1.com.
11 IN PTR ftp.test1.com.

# 重新配置本机的DNS：
[root@slave2 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33
......
IPADDR=10.0.0.62
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=10.0.0.2
DNS1=10.0.0.62

启动named服务：

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[root@slave1 ~]# systemctl start named

# 测试一下
[root@slave1 ~]# nslookup www.test1.com
Server: 10.0.0.62
Address: 10.0.0.62#53

Name: www.test1.com
Address: 10.0.0.62
[root@slave1 named]# nslookup ftp.test1.com
Server: 10.0.0.62
Address: 10.0.0.62#53

Name: ftp.test1.com
Address: 10.0.0.62

配置从服务器

# 修改主配置文件，只改两行，其余保持默认即可
[root@slave2 ~]# cat /etc/named.conf
......
options {
  listen-on port 53 { 10.0.0.63; }; # ip地址改成本地地址
  listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
  directory "/var/named";
  dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
  statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
  memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
  recursing-file "/var/named/data/named.recursing";
  secroots-file "/var/named/data/named.secroots";
  allow-query { any; }; # 任何主机都可以访问本地dns服务
......


# 在/etc/named.rfc1912.zones文件末尾添加正向解析区域和反向解析区域
[root@slave2 ~]# vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones
......
zone "test1.com" IN {
        type slave;
        masters { 10.0.0.62; };
        allow-notify { 10.0.0.62; };
        file "slaves/test1.com.zone";
};

zone "0.0.10.in-addr.arpa" IN {
        type slave;
        masters { 10.0.0.62; };
        allow-notify { 10.0.0.62; };
        file "slaves/test1.com.local";
};

注意事项：从服务器的区域解析库文件应当是从主服务器加载过来的，所以无需创建区域解析库文件。

启动named服务：

[root@slave2 ~]# systemctl start named

# 重新配置本机的DNS：
[root@slave2 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33
......
IPADDR=10.0.0.63
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=10.0.0.2
DNS1=10.0.0.63

# 启动以后，会自动生成区域解析库文件，这两个文件来源于主服务器
[root@slave2 ~]# ll /var/named/slaves/
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 named named 336 Sep 5 20:02 test1.com.local
-rw-r--r-- 1 named named 319 Sep 5 20:02 test1.com.zone

# 测试验证
[root@slave2 ~]# nslookup www.test1.com
Server: 10.0.0.63
Address: 10.0.0.63#53

Name: www.test1.com
Address: 10.0.0.62

[root@slave2 ~]# nslookup ftp.test1.com
Server: 10.0.0.63
Address: 10.0.0.63#53

Name: ftp.test1.com
Address: 10.0.0.62

客户端验证

# 配置DNS：客户端需要配置多个dns，我们这里配置主从dns的地址
[root@master ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33
......
IPADDR=10.0.0.61
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=10.0.0.2
DNS1=10.0.0.62    
DNS2=10.0.0.63

# 重启网络使配置生效
[root@master ~]# systemctl restart network

[root@master ~]# nslookup www.test1.com
Server: 10.0.0.62
Address: 10.0.0.62#53

Name: www.test1.com
Address: 10.0.0.62

[root@master ~]# nslookup ftp.test1.com
Server: 10.0.0.62
Address: 10.0.0.62#53

Name: ftp.test1.com
Address: 10.0.0.62

主从一同工作，在客户端会配有多个DNS地址，如果第一个DNS地址无法解析，那么第二DNS地址也是无法解析的，当第一个DNS地址联系不上时（宕机）才会联系第二个DNS地址并寻求解析。

故障测试

# 停止master DNS
[root@slave1 ~]# systemctl stop named

# 到客户端上去验证
[root@master ~]# nslookup www.test1.com
Server: 10.0.0.63
Address: 10.0.0.63#53

Name: www.test1.com
Address: 10.0.0.62

通过上面的实验我们可以发现，停掉master DNS服务以后，客户端还是可以继续解析到域名， 即从DNS已经开始启用了。

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