php的4种常见运行方式_PHP
SAPI：Server Application Programming Interface服务端应用编程端口。他就是php与其他应用交互的接口，php脚本要执行有很多中方式，通过web服务器，或者直接在命令行行下，也可以嵌入其他程序中。SAPI提供了一个和外部通信的接口，常见的SAPI有：cgi、fast-cgi、cli、Apache模块的dll等。
1、CGI
CGI即通用网关接口（common gatewag interface),它是一段程序，通俗的讲CGI就象是一座桥，把网页和WEB服务器中的执行程序连接起来，它把HTML接收的指令传递给服务器的执 行程序，再把服务器执行程序的结果返还给HTML页。CGI 的跨平台性能极佳，几乎可以在任何操作系统上实现。
CGI方式在遇到连接请求（用户 请求）先要创建cgi的子进程，激活一个CGI进程，然后处理请求，处理完后结束这个子进程。这就是fork-and-execute模式。所以用cgi 方式的服务器有多少连接请求就会有多少cgi子进程，子进程反复加载是cgi性能低下的主要原因。都会当用户请求数量非常多时，会大量挤占系统的资源如内 存，CPU时间等，造成效能低下。
2、FastCGI
fast-cgi 是cgi的升级版本，FastCGI像是一个常驻(long-live)型的CGI，它可以一直执行着，只要激活后，不会每次都要花费时间去fork一 次。PHP使用PHP-FPM(FastCGI Process Manager)，全称PHP FastCGI进程管理器进行管理。
Web Server启动时载入FastCGI进程管理器(IIS ISAPI或Apache Module)。FastCGI进程管理器自身初始化，启动多个CGI解释器进程(可见多个php-cgi)并等待来自Web Server的连接。
当客户端请求到达Web Server时，FastCGI进程管理器选择并连接到一个CGI解释器。Web server将CGI环境变量和标准输入发送到FastCGI子进程php-cgi。
FastCGI子进程完成处理后将标准输出和错误信息从同一连接返回Web Server。当FastCGI子进程关闭连接时，请求便告处理完成。FastCGI子进程接着等待并处理来自FastCGI进程管理器(运行在Web Server中)的下一个连接。 在CGI模式中，php-cgi在此便退出了。
在上述情况中，你可以想象CGI通常有多慢。每一个Web 请求PHP都必须重新解析php.ini、重新载入全部扩展并重初始化全部数据结构。使用FastCGI，所有这些都只在进程启动时发生一次。一个额外的 好处是，持续数据库连接(Persistent database connection)可以工作。
3、APACHE2HANDLER
PHP作为Apache模块，Apache服务器在系统启动后，预先生成多个进程副本驻留在内存中，一旦有请求出 现，就立即使用这些空余的子进程进行处理，这样就不存在生成子进程造成的延迟了。这些服务器副本在处理完一次HTTP请求之后并不立即退出，而是停留在计算机中等待下次请求。对于客户浏览器的请求反应更快，性能较高。
4、CLI
cli是php的命令行运行模式，大家经常会使用它，但是可能并没有注意到（例如：我们在linux下经常使用 “php -m”查找PHP安装了那些扩展就是PHP命令行运行模式；
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