mysql---存储引擎_MySQL
存储引擎,说白了就是如何存储数据、如何为存储的数据建立索引和如何更新、查询数据等技术的实现方法。因为在关系数据库中,数据的存储是以表的形式存储的,所以存储引擎也可以称为表类型(即存储和操作此表的类型)。
在Oracle 和SQL Server等数据库中只有一种存储引擎,所有数据存储管理机制都是一样的。而MySql数据库提供了多种存储引擎。用户可以根据不同的需求为数据表选择不同的存储引擎,用户也可以根据自己的需要编写自己的存储引擎。
MySql中有以下存储引擎,最常用的是MyISAM和InnoDB两种存储引擎。
1.MyISAM:这种引擎是mysql最早提供的。这种引擎又可以分为静态MyISAM、动态MyISAM 和压缩MyISAM三种:
◦静态MyISAM:如果数据表中的各数据列的长度都是预先固定好的,服务器将自动选择这种表类型。因为数据表中每一条记录所占用的空间都是一样的,所以这种表存取和更新的效率非常高。当数据受损时,恢复工作也比较容易做。
◦动态MyISAM:如果数据表中出现varchar、xxxtext或xxxBLOB字段时,服务器将自动选择这种表类型。相对于静态MyISAM,这种表存储空间比较小,但由于每条记录的长度不一,所以多次修改数据后,数据表中的数据就可能离散的存储在内存中,进而导致执行效率下降。同时,内存中也可能会出现很多碎片。因此,这种类型的表要经常用optimize table 命令或优化工具来进行碎片整理。
◦压缩MyISAM:以上说到的两种类型的表都可以用myisamchk工具压缩。这种类型的表进一步减小了占用的存储,但是这种表压缩之后不能再被修改。另外,因为是压缩数据,所以这种表在读取的时候要先时行解压缩。
但是,不管是何种MyISAM表,目前它都不支持事务,行级锁和外键约束的功能。
2.InnoDB:InnoDB表类型可以看作是对MyISAM的进一步更新产品,它提供了事务、行级锁机制和外键约束的功能。
3.MyISAM Merge引擎:这种类型是MyISAM类型的一种变种。合并表是将几个相同的MyISAM表合并为一个虚表。常应用于日志和数据仓库。
4.memory(heap):这种类型的数据表只存在于内存中。它使用散列索引,所以数据的存取速度非常快。因为是存在于内存中,所以这种类型常应用于临时表中。
5.archive:这种类型只支持select 和 insert语句,而且不支持索引。常应用于日志记录和聚合分析方面。

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