What are the common methods of Java8 Stream?
一、概述
Stream 是 Java8 中处理集合的关键抽象概念,它可以指定你希望对集合进行的操作,可以执行非常复杂的查找、过滤和映射数据等操作。使用Stream API 对集合数据进行操作,就类似于使用 SQL 执行的数据库查询。也可以使用 Stream API 来并行执行操作。
简而言之,Stream API 提供了一种高效且易于使用的处理数据的方式。
特点:
不是数据结构,不会保存数据。
不会修改原来的数据源,它会将操作后的数据保存到另外一个对象中。(保留意见:毕竟peek方法可以修改流中元素)
惰性求值,流在中间处理过程中,只是对操作进行了记录,并不会立即执行,需要等到执行终止操作的时候才会进行实际的计算。
二、分类
无状态: 指元素的处理不受之前元素的影响;
有状态: 指该操作只有拿到所有元素之后才能继续下去。
非短路操作: 指必须处理所有元素才能得到最终结果;
短路操作: 指遇到某些符合条件的元素就可以得到最终结果,如 A || B,只要A为true,则无需判断B的结果。
三、具体用法
1. 流的常用创建方法
1.1 使用Collection
下的 stream()
和 parallelStream()
方法
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(); Stream<String> stream = list.stream(); //获取一个顺序流 Stream<String> parallelStream = list.parallelStream(); //获取一个并行流
1.2 使用Arrays 中的stream()
方法,将数组转成流
Integer[] nums = new Integer[10]; Stream<Integer> stream = Arrays.stream(nums);
1.3 使用Stream中的静态方法:of()
、iterate()
、generate()
Stream<Integer> stream = Stream.of(1,2,3,4,5,6); Stream<Integer> stream2 = Stream.iterate(0, (x) -> x + 2).limit(6); stream2.forEach(System.out::println); // 0 2 4 6 8 10 Stream<Double> stream3 = Stream.generate(Math::random).limit(2); stream3.forEach(System.out::println);
1.4 使用 BufferedReader.lines()
方法,将每行内容转成流
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("F:\\test_stream.txt")); Stream<String> lineStream = reader.lines(); lineStream.forEach(System.out::println);
1.5 使用 Pattern.splitAsStream()
方法,将字符串分隔成流
Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(","); Stream<String> stringStream = pattern.splitAsStream("a,b,c,d"); stringStream.forEach(System.out::println);
2. 流的中间操作
2.1 筛选与切片
filter
:过滤流中的某些元素limit(n)
:获取n个元素skip(n)
:跳过n元素,配合limit(n)
可实现分页distinct
:通过流中元素的hashCode()
和equals()
去除重复元素
Stream<Integer> stream = Stream.of(6, 4, 6, 7, 3, 9, 8, 10, 12, 14, 14); Stream<Integer> newStream = stream.filter(s -> s > 5) //6 6 7 9 8 10 12 14 14 .distinct() //6 7 9 8 10 12 14 .skip(2) //9 8 10 12 14 .limit(2); //9 8 newStream.forEach(System.out::println);
2.2 映射
map:接收一个函数作为参数,该函数会被应用到每个元素上,并将其映射成一个新的元素。
flatMap:接收一个函数作为参数,将流中的每个值都换成另一个流,然后把所有流连接成一个流。
List<String> list = Arrays.asList("a,b,c", "1,2,3"); //将每个元素转成一个新的且不带逗号的元素 Stream<String> s1 = list.stream().map(s -> s.replaceAll(",", "")); s1.forEach(System.out::println); // abc 123 Stream<String> s3 = list.stream().flatMap(s -> { //将每个元素转换成一个stream String[] split = s.split(","); Stream<String> s2 = Arrays.stream(split); return s2; }); s3.forEach(System.out::println); // a b c 1 2 3
2.3 排序
sorted()
:自然排序,流中元素需实现Comparable接口sorted(Comparator com)
:定制排序,自定义Comparator排序器
List<String> list = Arrays.asList("aa", "ff", "dd"); //String 类自身已实现Compareable接口 list.stream().sorted().forEach(System.out::println);// aa dd ff Student s1 = new Student("aa", 10); Student s2 = new Student("bb", 20); Student s3 = new Student("aa", 30); Student s4 = new Student("dd", 40); List<Student> studentList = Arrays.asList(s1, s2, s3, s4); //自定义排序:先按姓名升序,姓名相同则按年龄升序 studentList.stream().sorted( (o1, o2) -> { if (o1.getName().equals(o2.getName())) { return o1.getAge() - o2.getAge(); } else { return o1.getName().compareTo(o2.getName()); } } ).forEach(System.out::println);
2.4 消费
peek
:如同于map,能得到流中的每一个元素。但map接收的是一个Function表达式,有返回值;而peek接收的是Consumer表达式,没有返回值。
Student s1 = new Student("aa", 10); Student s2 = new Student("bb", 20); List<Student> studentList = Arrays.asList(s1, s2); studentList.stream() .peek(o -> o.setAge(100)) .forEach(System.out::println); //结果: Student{name='aa', age=100} Student{name='bb', age=100}
3. 流的终止操作
3.1 匹配、聚合操作
allMatch
:接收一个 Predicate 函数,当流中每个元素都符合该断言时才返回true,否则返回falsenoneMatch
:接收一个 Predicate 函数,当流中每个元素都不符合该断言时才返回true,否则返回falseanyMatch
:接收一个 Predicate 函数,只要流中有一个元素满足该断言则返回true,否则返回falsefindFirst
:返回流中第一个元素findAny
:返回流中的任意元素count
:返回流中元素的总个数max
:返回流中元素最大值min
:返回流中元素最小值
List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5); boolean allMatch = list.stream().allMatch(e -> e > 10); //false boolean noneMatch = list.stream().noneMatch(e -> e > 10); //true boolean anyMatch = list.stream().anyMatch(e -> e > 4); //true Integer findFirst = list.stream().findFirst().get(); //1 Integer findAny = list.stream().findAny().get(); //1 long count = list.stream().count(); //5 Integer max = list.stream().max(Integer::compareTo).get(); //5 Integer min = list.stream().min(Integer::compareTo).get(); //1
3.2 规约操作
Optional<T> reduce(BinaryOperator<T> accumulator)
:第一次执行时,accumulator函数的第一个参数为流中的第一个元素,第二个参数为流中元素的第二个元素;第二次执行时,第一个参数为第一次函数执行的结果,第二个参数为流中的第三个元素;依次类推。T reduce(T identity, BinaryOperator<T> accumulator)
:流程跟上面一样,只是第一次执行时,accumulator
函数的第一个参数为identity,而第二个参数为流中的第一个元素。<U> U reduce(U identity,BiFunction<U, ? super T, U> accumulator,BinaryOperator<U> combiner)
:在串行流(stream)中,该方法跟第二个方法一样,即第三个参数combiner不会起作用。在并行流(parallelStream)中,我们知道流被fork join
出多个线程进行执行,此时每个线程的执行流程就跟第二个方法reduce(identity,accumulator)
一样,而第三个参数combiner函数,则是将每个线程的执行结果当成一个新的流,然后使用第一个方法reduce(accumulator)
流程进行规约。
//经过测试,当元素个数小于24时,并行时线程数等于元素个数,当大于等于24时,并行时线程数为16 List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24); Integer v = list.stream().reduce((x1, x2) -> x1 + x2).get(); System.out.println(v); // 300 Integer v1 = list.stream().reduce(10, (x1, x2) -> x1 + x2); System.out.println(v1); //310 Integer v2 = list.stream().reduce(0, (x1, x2) -> { System.out.println("stream accumulator: x1:" + x1 + " x2:" + x2); return x1 - x2; }, (x1, x2) -> { System.out.println("stream combiner: x1:" + x1 + " x2:" + x2); return x1 * x2; }); System.out.println(v2); // -300 Integer v3 = list.parallelStream().reduce(0, (x1, x2) -> { System.out.println("parallelStream accumulator: x1:" + x1 + " x2:" + x2); return x1 - x2; }, (x1, x2) -> { System.out.println("parallelStream combiner: x1:" + x1 + " x2:" + x2); return x1 * x2; }); System.out.println(v3); //197474048
3.3 收集操作
collect
:接收一个Collector实例,将流中元素收集成另外一个数据结构。
Collector<T, A, R>
是一个接口,有以下5个抽象方法:
Supplier<A> supplier()
:创建一个结果容器ABiConsumer<A, T> accumulator()
:消费型接口,第一个参数为容器A,第二个参数为流中元素T。BinaryOperator<A> combiner()
:函数接口,该参数的作用跟上一个方法(reduce)中的combiner参数一样,将并行流中各个子进程的运行结果(accumulator函数操作后的容器A)进行合并。Function<A, R> finisher()
:函数式接口,参数为:容器A,返回类型为:collect方法最终想要的结果R。Set<Characteristics> characteristics()
:返回一个不可变的Set集合,用来表明该Collector的特征。有以下三个特征:
CONCURRENT
:表示此收集器支持并发。(官方文档还有其他描述,暂时没去探索,故不作过多翻译)UNORDERED
:表示该收集操作不会保留流中元素原有的顺序。IDENTITY_FINISH
:表示finisher参数只是标识而已,可忽略。
3.3.1 Collector
工具库:Collectors
Student s1 = new Student("aa", 10,1); Student s2 = new Student("bb", 20,2); Student s3 = new Student("cc", 10,3); List<Student> list = Arrays.asList(s1, s2, s3); //装成list List<Integer> ageList = list.stream().map(Student::getAge).collect(Collectors.toList()); // [10, 20, 10] //转成set Set<Integer> ageSet = list.stream().map(Student::getAge).collect(Collectors.toSet()); // [20, 10] //转成map,注:key不能相同,否则报错 Map<String, Integer> studentMap = list.stream().collect(Collectors.toMap(Student::getName, Student::getAge)); // {cc=10, bb=20, aa=10} //字符串分隔符连接 String joinName = list.stream().map(Student::getName).collect(Collectors.joining(",", "(", ")")); // (aa,bb,cc) //聚合操作 //1.学生总数 Long count = list.stream().collect(Collectors.counting()); // 3 //2.最大年龄 (最小的minBy同理) Integer maxAge = list.stream().map(Student::getAge).collect(Collectors.maxBy(Integer::compare)).get(); // 20 //3.所有人的年龄 Integer sumAge = list.stream().collect(Collectors.summingInt(Student::getAge)); // 40 //4.平均年龄 Double averageAge = list.stream().collect(Collectors.averagingDouble(Student::getAge)); // 13.333333333333334 // 带上以上所有方法 DoubleSummaryStatistics statistics = list.stream().collect(Collectors.summarizingDouble(Student::getAge)); System.out.println("count:" + statistics.getCount() + ",max:" + statistics.getMax() + ",sum:" + statistics.getSum() + ",average:" + statistics.getAverage()); //分组 Map<Integer, List<Student>> ageMap = list.stream().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Student::getAge)); //多重分组,先根据类型分再根据年龄分 Map<Integer, Map<Integer, List<Student>>> typeAgeMap = list.stream().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Student::getType, Collectors.groupingBy(Student::getAge))); //分区 //分成两部分,一部分大于10岁,一部分小于等于10岁 Map<Boolean, List<Student>> partMap = list.stream().collect(Collectors.partitioningBy(v -> v.getAge() > 10)); //规约 Integer allAge = list.stream().map(Student::getAge).collect(Collectors.reducing(Integer::sum)).get(); //40
3.3.2 Collectors.toList()
解析
//toList 源码 public static <T> Collector<T, ?, List<T>> toList() { return new CollectorImpl<>((Supplier<List<T>>) ArrayList::new, List::add, (left, right) -> { left.addAll(right); return left; }, CH_ID); } //为了更好地理解,我们转化一下源码中的lambda表达式 public <T> Collector<T, ?, List<T>> toList() { Supplier<List<T>> supplier = () -> new ArrayList(); BiConsumer<List<T>, T> accumulator = (list, t) -> list.add(t); BinaryOperator<List<T>> combiner = (list1, list2) -> { list1.addAll(list2); return list1; }; Function<List<T>, List<T>> finisher = (list) -> list; Set<Collector.Characteristics> characteristics = Collections.unmodifiableSet(EnumSet.of(Collector.Characteristics.IDENTITY_FINISH)); return new Collector<T, List<T>, List<T>>() { @Override public Supplier supplier() { return supplier; } @Override public BiConsumer accumulator() { return accumulator; } @Override public BinaryOperator combiner() { return combiner; } @Override public Function finisher() { return finisher; } @Override public Set<Characteristics> characteristics() { return characteristics; } }; }
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