How to use the final keyword in Java

1. Understanding

final: the final

2. Function

final structures that can be used to modify: classes, methods, variables

1. Modification - class

final is used to modify a class, indicating that this class cannot be inherited by other classes, improving security and improving the readability of the program.

For example: String class, System class, StringBuffer class...

Code demonstration:

final class A{
}
class B extends A{ //Error, cannot be inherited.
}

2. Modification-method

final is used to modify the method: indicating that this method cannot be overridden by subclasses.

For example: Object#getClass();

Code demonstration:

class A {
   public final void print() {
     System.out.println("A");
   } 
}
class B extends A {
    public void print() { 
    // 错误，不能被重写。
    } 
}

3. Modification-variable

Final modified variables (member variables or local variables) are called constants. The name is capitalized and can only be assigned once.

static final is used to modify attributes: global constants.

Code Demonstration:

class A {
   private final String INFO = "嘻嘻"; //声明常量
     public void print() {     
     //INFO = "哈哈";
     //The final field A.INFO cannot be assigned
     } 
}

3.1 Modification-Member Variables (Properties)

Final-marked member variables must be declared (explicitly initialized) or in each constructor or code block, before it can be used.

For example:

final double MY_PI = 3.14;

3.2 Modification - local variable

When using final to modify a local variable, it indicates that this formal parameter is a constant. When we call this method, assign an actual parameter to the constant parameter. Once assigned, this formal parameter can only be used within the method body and cannot be reassigned.

3. Classic questions

//题目一：
public class Test1 {    
        public int addOne(final int x) {
         //   return ++x;
         //Cannot assign a value to final variable 'x'
            return x + 1;
        }
}
//题目二：
public class Something {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
       Other o = new Other();
       new Something().addOne(o);
    }
    public void addOne(final Other o) {
       // o = new Other();
       o.i++;
     } 
}
class Other {
   public int i; 
}
//题目三：
class Root{
	static{
		System.out.println("Root的静态初始化块");
	}
	{
		System.out.println("Root的普通初始化块");
	}
	public Root(){
		super();
		System.out.println("Root的无参数的构造器");
	}
}
class Mid extends Root{
	static{
		System.out.println("Mid的静态初始化块");
	}
	{
		System.out.println("Mid的普通初始化块");
	}
	public Mid(){
		super();
		System.out.println("Mid的无参数的构造器");
	}
	public Mid(String msg){
		//通过this调用同一类中重载的构造器
		this();
		System.out.println("Mid的带参数构造器，其参数值："
			+ msg);
	}
}
class Leaf extends Mid{
	static{
		System.out.println("Leaf的静态初始化块");
	}
	{
		System.out.println("Leaf的普通初始化块");
	}	
	public Leaf(){
		//通过super调用父类中有一个字符串参数的构造器
		super("小老师ir");
		System.out.println("Leaf的构造器");
	}
}
public class LeafTest{
	public static void main(String[] args){
		new Leaf(); 
		System.out.println();
		new Leaf();
	}
}
/*output：
Root的静态初始化块
Mid的静态初始化块
Leaf的静态初始化块
Root的普通初始化块
Root的无参数的构造器
Mid的普通初始化块
Mid的无参数的构造器
Mid的带参数构造器，其参数值：小老师ir
Leaf的普通初始化块
Leaf的构造器
Root的普通初始化块
Root的无参数的构造器
Mid的普通初始化块
Mid的无参数的构造器
Mid的带参数构造器，其参数值：小老师ir
Leaf的普通初始化块
Leaf的构造器
*/

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