详解PHP中的Traits_PHP
PHP是单继承的语言,在PHP 5.4 Traits出现之前,PHP的类无法同时从两个基类继承属性或方法。php的Traits和Go语言的组合功能类似,通过在类中使用use关键字声明要组合的Trait名称,而具体某个Trait的声明使用trait关键词,Trait不能直接实例化。具体用法请看下面的代码:
<?php trait Drive { public $carName = 'trait'; public function driving() { echo "driving {$this->carName}\n"; } } class Person { public function eat() { echo "eat\n"; } } class Student extends Person { use Drive; public function study() { echo "study\n"; } } $student = new Student(); $student->study(); $student->eat(); $student->driving();
输出结果如下:
study eat driving trait
上面的例子中,Student类通过继承Person,有了eat方法,通过组合Drive,有了driving方法和属性carName。
如果Trait、基类和本类中都存在某个同名的属性或者方法,最终会保留哪一个呢?通过下面的代码测试一下:
<?php trait Drive { public function hello() { echo "hello drive\n"; } public function driving() { echo "driving from drive\n"; } } class Person { public function hello() { echo "hello person\n"; } public function driving() { echo "driving from person\n"; } } class Student extends Person { use Drive; public function hello() { echo "hello student\n"; } } $student = new Student(); $student->hello(); $student->driving();
输出结果如下:
hello student driving from drive
因此得出结论:当方法或属性同名时,当前类中的方法会覆盖 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆盖了基类中的方法。
如果要组合多个Trait,通过逗号分隔 Trait名称:
use Trait1, Trait2;
如果多个Trait中包含同名方法或者属性时,会怎样呢?答案是当组合的多个Trait包含同名属性或者方法时,需要明确声明解决冲突,否则会产生一个致命错误。
<?php trait Trait1 { public function hello() { echo "Trait1::hello\n"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait1::hi\n"; } } trait Trait2 { public function hello() { echo "Trait2::hello\n"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait2::hi\n"; } } class Class1 { use Trait1, Trait2; }
输出结果如下:
PHP Fatal error: Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in ~/php54/trait_3.php on line 20
使用insteadof和as操作符来解决冲突,insteadof是使用某个方法替代另一个,而as是给方法取一个别名,具体用法请看代码:
<?php trait Trait1 { public function hello() { echo "Trait1::hello\n"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait1::hi\n"; } } trait Trait2 { public function hello() { echo "Trait2::hello\n"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait2::hi\n"; } } class Class1 { use Trait1, Trait2 { Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1; Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2; } } class Class2 { use Trait1, Trait2 { Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1; Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2; Trait2::hi as hei; Trait1::hello as hehe; } } $Obj1 = new Class1(); $Obj1->hello(); $Obj1->hi(); echo "\n"; $Obj2 = new Class2(); $Obj2->hello(); $Obj2->hi(); $Obj2->hei(); $Obj2->hehe();
输出结果如下:
Trait2::hello Trait1::hi Trait2::hello Trait1::hi Trait2::hi Trait1::hello
as关键词还有另外一个用途,那就是修改方法的访问控制:
<?php trait Hello { public function hello() { echo "hello,trait\n"; } } class Class1 { use Hello { hello as protected; } } class Class2 { use Hello { Hello::hello as private hi; } } $Obj1 = new Class1(); $Obj1->hello(); # 报致命错误,因为hello方法被修改成受保护的 $Obj2 = new Class2(); $Obj2->hello(); # 原来的hello方法仍然是公共的 $Obj2->hi(); # 报致命错误,因为别名hi方法被修改成私有的
Trait 也能组合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、静态属性及静态方法,测试代码如下:
<?php trait Hello { public function sayHello() { echo "Hello\n"; } } trait World { use Hello; public function sayWorld() { echo "World\n"; } abstract public function getWorld(); public function inc() { static $c = 0; $c = $c + 1; echo "$c\n"; } public static function doSomething() { echo "Doing something\n"; } } class HelloWorld { use World; public function getWorld() { return 'get World'; } } $Obj = new HelloWorld(); $Obj->sayHello(); $Obj->sayWorld(); echo $Obj->getWorld() . "\n"; HelloWorld::doSomething(); $Obj->inc(); $Obj->inc();
输出结果如下:
Hello World get World Doing something 1 2
以上就是本文的全部内容,希望对大家的学习有所帮助。

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Hot Topics











PHP and Python each have their own advantages, and choose according to project requirements. 1.PHP is suitable for web development, especially for rapid development and maintenance of websites. 2. Python is suitable for data science, machine learning and artificial intelligence, with concise syntax and suitable for beginners.

PHP is widely used in e-commerce, content management systems and API development. 1) E-commerce: used for shopping cart function and payment processing. 2) Content management system: used for dynamic content generation and user management. 3) API development: used for RESTful API development and API security. Through performance optimization and best practices, the efficiency and maintainability of PHP applications are improved.

PHP is a scripting language widely used on the server side, especially suitable for web development. 1.PHP can embed HTML, process HTTP requests and responses, and supports a variety of databases. 2.PHP is used to generate dynamic web content, process form data, access databases, etc., with strong community support and open source resources. 3. PHP is an interpreted language, and the execution process includes lexical analysis, grammatical analysis, compilation and execution. 4.PHP can be combined with MySQL for advanced applications such as user registration systems. 5. When debugging PHP, you can use functions such as error_reporting() and var_dump(). 6. Optimize PHP code to use caching mechanisms, optimize database queries and use built-in functions. 7

PHP is still dynamic and still occupies an important position in the field of modern programming. 1) PHP's simplicity and powerful community support make it widely used in web development; 2) Its flexibility and stability make it outstanding in handling web forms, database operations and file processing; 3) PHP is constantly evolving and optimizing, suitable for beginners and experienced developers.

PHP and Python each have their own advantages, and the choice should be based on project requirements. 1.PHP is suitable for web development, with simple syntax and high execution efficiency. 2. Python is suitable for data science and machine learning, with concise syntax and rich libraries.

PHP and Python have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice depends on project needs and personal preferences. 1.PHP is suitable for rapid development and maintenance of large-scale web applications. 2. Python dominates the field of data science and machine learning.

PHP is suitable for web development, especially in rapid development and processing dynamic content, but is not good at data science and enterprise-level applications. Compared with Python, PHP has more advantages in web development, but is not as good as Python in the field of data science; compared with Java, PHP performs worse in enterprise-level applications, but is more flexible in web development; compared with JavaScript, PHP is more concise in back-end development, but is not as good as JavaScript in front-end development.

PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.
