Home Database Mysql Tutorial MySQL 数据库 ALTER命令讲解_MySQL

MySQL 数据库 ALTER命令讲解_MySQL

May 27, 2016 pm 01:45 PM
alter mysql

MySQL 为关系型数据库(Relational Database Management System), 这种所谓的"关系型"可以理解为"表格"的概念, 一个关系型数据库由一个或数个表格组成。

当我们需要修改数据表名或者修改数据表字段时,就需要使用到MySQL ALTER命令。

开始本章教程前让我们先创建一张表,表名为:testalter_tbl。

root@host# mysql -u root -p password;
Enter password:*******
mysql> use TUTORIALS;
Database changed
mysql> create table testalter_tbl
-> (
-> i INT,
-> c CHAR(1)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM testalter_tbl;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| i | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| c | char(1) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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删除,添加或修改表字段

如下命令使用了 ALTER 命令及 DROP 子句来删除以上创建表的 i 字段:

mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl DROP i;
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如果数据表中只剩余一个字段则无法使用DROP来删除字段。

MySQL 中使用 ADD 子句来想数据表中添加列,如下实例在表 testalter_tbl 中添加 i 字段,并定义数据类型:

mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ADD i INT;
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执行以上命令后,i 字段会自动添加到数据表字段的末尾。

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM testalter_tbl;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| c | char(1) | YES | | NULL | |
| i | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Copy after login

如果你需要指定新增字段的位置,可以使用MySQL提供的关键字 FIRST (设定位第一列), AFTER 字段名(设定位于某个字段之后)。

尝试以下 ALTER TABLE 语句, 在执行成功后,使用 SHOW COLUMNS 查看表结构的变化:

ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl DROP i;
ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ADD i INT FIRST;
ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl DROP i;
ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ADD i INT AFTER c;
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FIRST 和 AFTER 关键字只占用于 ADD 子句,所以如果你想重置数据表字段的位置就需要先使用 DROP 删除字段然后使用 ADD 来添加字段并设置位置。

修改字段类型及名称

如果需要修改字段类型及名称, 你可以在ALTER命令中使用 MODIFY 或 CHANGE 子句 。

例如,把字段 c 的类型从 CHAR(1) 改为 CHAR(10),可以执行以下命令:

mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl MODIFY c CHAR(10);
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使用 CHANGE 子句, 语法有很大的不同。 在 CHANGE 关键字之后,紧跟着的是你要修改的字段名,然后指定新字段的类型及名称。尝试如下实例:

mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl CHANGE i j BIGINT;
mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl CHANGE j j INT;
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ALTER TABLE 对 Null 值和默认值的影响

当你修改字段时,你可以指定是否包含只或者是否设置默认值。

以下实例,指定字段 j 为 NOT NULL 且默认值为100 。

mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl
-> MODIFY j BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 100;
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如果你不设置默认值,MySQL会自动设置该字段默认为 NULL。

修改字段默认值

你可以使用 ALTER 来修改字段的默认值,尝试以下实例:

mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ALTER i SET DEFAULT 1000;
mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM testalter_tbl;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| c | char(1) | YES | | NULL | |
| i | int(11) | YES | | 1000 | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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你也可以使用 ALTER 命令及 DROP子句来删除字段的默认值,如下实例:

mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ALTER i DROP DEFAULT;
mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM testalter_tbl;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| c | char(1) | YES | | NULL | |
| i | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Changing a Table Type:
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修改数据表类型,可以使用 ALTER 命令及 TYPE 子句来完成。尝试以下实例,我们将表 testalter_tbl 的类型修改为 MYISAM :

注意:查看数据表类型可以使用 SHOW TABLE STATUS 语句。

mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl TYPE = MYISAM;
mysql> SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'testalter_tbl'\G
*************************** 1. row ****************
Name: testalter_tbl
Type: MyISAM
Row_format: Fixed
Rows: 0
Avg_row_length: 0
Data_length: 0
Max_data_length: 25769803775
Index_length: 1024
Data_free: 0
Auto_increment: NULL
Create_time: 2007-06-03 08:04:36
Update_time: 2007-06-03 08:04:36
Check_time: NULL
Create_options:
Comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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修改表名

如果需要修改数据表的名称,可以在 ALTER TABLE 语句中使用 RENAME 子句来实现。

尝试以下实例将数据表 testalter_tbl 重命名为 alter_tbl:

mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl RENAME TO alter_tbl;
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ALTER 命令还可以用来创建及删除MySQL数据表的索引,该功能我们会在接下来的章节中介绍。

以上所述是小编给大家介绍的MySQL 数据库 ALTER命令讲解的相关知识,希望对大家有所帮助,如果大家想了解更多资讯,敬请关注网站!

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