详解php魔术方法(Magic methods)的使用方法_PHP
PHP中把以两个下划线__开头的方法称为魔术方法,这些方法在PHP中充当了举足轻重的作用。 魔术方法包括:
- __construct(),类的构造函数
- __destruct(),类的析构函数
- __call(),在对象中调用一个不可访问方法时调用
- __callStatic(),用静态方式中调用一个不可访问方法时调用
- __get(),获得一个类的成员变量时调用
- __set(),设置一个类的成员变量时调用
- __isset(),当对不可访问属性调用isset()或empty()时调用
- __unset(),当对不可访问属性调用unset()时被调用。
- __sleep(),执行serialize()时,先会调用这个函数
- __wakeup(),执行unserialize()时,先会调用这个函数
- __toString(),类被当成字符串时的回应方法
- __invoke(),调用函数的方式调用一个对象时的回应方法
- __set_state(),调用var_export()导出类时,此静态方法会被调用。
-
__clone(),当对象复制完成时调用
__construct()和__destruct()
构造函数和析构函数应该不陌生,他们在对象创建和消亡时被调用。例如我们需要打开一个文件,在对象创建时打开,对象消亡时关闭
<?php class FileRead { protected $handle = NULL; function __construct(){ $this->handle = fopen(...); } function __destruct(){ fclose($this->handle); } } ?>
这两个方法在继承时可以扩展,例如:
<?php class TmpFileRead extends FileRead { function __construct(){ parent::__construct(); } function __destruct(){ parent::__destruct(); } } ?>
__call()和__callStatic()
在对象中调用一个不可访问方法时会调用这两个方法,后者为静态方法。这两个方法我们在可变方法(Variable functions)调用中可能会用到。
<?php class MethodTest { public function __call ($name, $arguments) { echo "Calling object method '$name' ". implode(', ', $arguments). "\n"; } public static function __callStatic ($name, $arguments) { echo "Calling static method '$name' ". implode(', ', $arguments). "\n"; } } $obj = new MethodTest; $obj->runTest('in object context'); MethodTest::runTest('in static context'); ?>
__get(),__set(),__isset()和__unset()
当get/set一个类的成员变量时调用这两个函数。例如我们将对象变量保存在另外一个数组中,而不是对象本身的成员变量
<?php class MethodTest { private $data = array(); public function __set($name, $value){ $this->data[$name] = $value; } public function __get($name){ if(array_key_exists($name, $this->data)) return $this->data[$name]; return NULL; } public function __isset($name){ return isset($this->data[$name]) } public function unset($name){ unset($this->data[$name]); } } ?>
__sleep()和__wakeup()
当我们在执行serialize()和unserialize()时,会先调用这两个函数。例如我们在序列化一个对象时,这个对象有一个数据库链接,想要在反序列化中恢复链接状态,则可以通过重构这两个函数来实现链接的恢复。例子如下:
<?php class Connection { protected $link; private $server, $username, $password, $db; public function __construct($server, $username, $password, $db) { $this->server = $server; $this->username = $username; $this->password = $password; $this->db = $db; $this->connect(); } private function connect() { $this->link = mysql_connect($this->server, $this->username, $this->password); mysql_select_db($this->db, $this->link); } public function __sleep() { return array('server', 'username', 'password', 'db'); } public function __wakeup() { $this->connect(); } } ?>
__toString()
对象当成字符串时的回应方法。例如使用echo $obj;来输出一个对象
<?php // Declare a simple class class TestClass { public function __toString() { return 'this is a object'; } } $class = new TestClass(); echo $class; ?>
这个方法只能返回字符串,而且不可以在这个方法中抛出异常,否则会出现致命错误。
__invoke()
调用函数的方式调用一个对象时的回应方法。如下
<?php class CallableClass { function __invoke() { echo 'this is a object'; } } $obj = new CallableClass; var_dump(is_callable($obj)); ?>
__set_state()
调用var_export()导出类时,此静态方法会被调用。
<?php class A { public $var1; public $var2; public static function __set_state ($an_array) { $obj = new A; $obj->var1 = $an_array['var1']; $obj->var2 = $an_array['var2']; return $obj; } } $a = new A; $a->var1 = 5; $a->var2 = 'foo'; var_dump(var_export($a)); ?>
__clone()
当对象复制完成时调用。例如在设计模式详解及PHP实现:单例模式一文中提到的单例模式实现方式,利用这个函数来防止对象被克隆。
<?php public class Singleton { private static $_instance = NULL; // 私有构造方法 private function __construct() {} public static function getInstance() { if (is_null(self::$_instance)) { self::$_instance = new Singleton(); } return self::$_instance; } // 防止克隆实例 public function __clone(){ die('Clone is not allowed.' . E_USER_ERROR); } } ?>
魔术常量(Magic constants)
PHP中的常量大部分都是不变的,但是有8个常量会随着他们所在代码位置的变化而变化,这8个常量被称为魔术常量。
- __LINE__,文件中的当前行号
- __FILE__,文件的完整路径和文件名
- __DIR__,文件所在的目录
- __FUNCTION__,函数名称
- __CLASS__,类的名称
- __TRAIT__,Trait的名字
- __METHOD__,类的方法名
-
__NAMESPACE__,当前命名空间的名称
这些魔术常量常常被用于获得当前环境信息或者记录日志。
以上就是本文的全部内容,希望对大家的学习有所帮助。

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