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php中autoload的用法总结_php技巧

May 25, 2016 pm 05:15 PM
autoload php

在PHP中使用类时,我们必须在使用前加载进来,不管是通过 require 的方式还是 include 的方式,但是会有两个问题影响我们做出加载的决定

PHP中提供了Autoload来帮助我们方便的进行文件的包含,但是autoload并非想象的那样能够处理所有的情况,今天就来记录一下前几天遇到的autoload存在的一些问题。

为什么要使用 Autoload

在PHP中使用类时,我们必须在使用前加载进来,不管是通过 require 的方式还是 include 的方式,但是会有两个问题影响我们做出加载的决定。

首先是不知道这个类文件存放在什么地方,另外一个就是不知道什么时候需要用到这个文件。特别是项目文件特别多时,不可能每个文件都在开始的部分写很长一串的 require ….

在PHP5之后,我们可以通过 __autoload来解决这个问题。 而且在PHP5.1之后,还提供了 spl_autoload_register() 来提供更完善的加载机制。

通过阅读了 Autoloading in PHP 这篇文章,我理解的 Autoload 的加载机制,当通过 new 来实例化一个类时,PHP会通过定义的__autoload 函数加载相应的文件,如果这个类文件使用了 extends 或者 implements 需要用到其他的类文件,php会重新运行 autoload 去进行类文件的查找和加载,如果发生了两次对同一类文件的请求,就会报错。原文作者提供了三个很有趣的例子来说明这个问题,可以通过 这里 下载源码查看。

一般情况下,有很多种方法来解决加载时到相应位置查找文件的方法。用的最多的就是指定特定的命名标准。

Zend的方法

zend推荐了一种最流行的办法,在文件名中包含路径。例如下面的例子:

// Main.class

function __autoload($class_name) {
    $path = str_replace('_', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $class_name);
    require_once $path.'.php';
}

$temp = new Main_Super_Class(); 所有的下划线都会被替换成路径中的分隔符,上例中就会去 Main/Super/Class.php文件

这种方法的缺点是在编码过程中,我们必须明确的知道代码文件应当所处的位置,而且由于

将文件路径硬编码在了类名中,如果需要修改文件夹的结构时,我们必须手工修改所有的类名。

'Include All'方法

如果是在一个开发环境中,并且对于速度不是很在意的话,使用这个方法是非常方便的。通过将所有类文件放在一个或几个特定文件夹中,然后通过遍历的方式查找加载。

例如:

 代码如下:

<?php 
  $arr = array ( 
    &#39;Project/Classes&#39;, 
    &#39;Project/Classes/Children&#39;, 
    &#39;Project/Interfaces&#39; 
  );

  foreach($arr as $dir) { 
    $dir_list = opendir($dir);

    while ($file = readdir($dir_list)) { 
      $path = $dir.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file; 
      if(in_array($file, array(&#39;.&#39;, &#39;..&#39;)) || is_dir($path)) 
        continue;

      if (strpos($file, ".class.php")) 
        require_once $path; 
    } 
  } 
?>
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关联文件和位置

另外一个方法是在类文件和他的位置之间建立关联的配置文件,例如:

代码如下:

// configuration.php 
array_of_associations = array( 
  &#39;MainSuperClass&#39; = &#39;C:/Main/Super/Class.php&#39;, 
  &#39;MainPoorClass&#39; = &#39;C:/blablabla/gy.php&#39; 
);
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调用的文件

代码如下:

<?php 
  require &#39;autoload_generated.php&#39;;

  function __autoload($className) { 
    global $autoload_list; 
    require_once $autoload_list[$className]; 
  }

  $x = new A(); 
?>
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当然,如果文件特别多的时候,维护起来会是一件麻烦事,但是与在类名中硬编码位置,哪个更好呢?

我们当然不希望手工来维护这个列表,那么可以使用自动生成这个文件来实现,这个对应关系的文件可以是php\xml\json等等。原文的作者实现了一个这样的工具,仔细考虑一下的话,这个不是很难实现,原文作者甚至发展了一个小型的 Autoload 框架,值得学习。

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