php程序调试方法总结
相信很多朋友们都有调试程序的经历,然而很多时候调试程序是痛苦而又漫长的过程;它不仅需要细心,更需要耐心,切忌心浮气躁。但是当找出问题并顺利解决它时,又会给人无比激动的喜悦。这里总结一下笔者在程序调试中的使用的原则,工具,以及方法。这里需要说明的是,某些原则性的东西,各种语言都是差不多的,而涉及到具体的工具和某些具体的调试方法,这里只涉及web开发方面的内容。
总体原则:
1.找出问题原因:
程序需要调试,是因为程序有问题。而调试的第一目标是找到原因。常见调试方法, 排除法: 当我们面对整个复杂的系统时,常常完全不知道问题出在什么地方;这个时候可以先将与问题不相关的地方排排除,逐渐缩小调试范围。独立模块法: 大部分程序都有模块结构,将可疑模块单独拿出来,模拟输入相应的操作数据,看是否出现问题。比较法:如果程序或系统是基于某个平台时,可以先看看其他基于本平台的程序或系统,找出是平台问题还是本程序问题,很多时候这种方法是用来排除不成熟平台上的隐藏问题。对比法:对于自己实现的程序,可能已经有相应的开源的模块,可以把这些程序源码找出来,和自己的程序进行对比,这样不仅节省时间,还能借鉴别人的优秀之处。
2.问题定位:
问题原因的多种多样,可能这个时候你只能知道是什么样的问题, 可能与什么相关, 这个时候就需将出现的代码段找出来。而需要做到这一步,一般开发环境为我们提供很多实用工具,借助这些工具,可以一步一步地查看程序的输入和输出,根据每一步的输入输出,定位问题。
有一部分很厉害的人,可以通过阅读代码,找到出现问题的地方。但是很多问题都是调试者自己因为疏忽造成的,而要通过这样方式去查找问题,几乎是不可能的,因为已经形成固定的思维定势。
3.解决问题
找到问题的原因和相应代码行,解决它很多时候是一件比较简单的事,因为这些问题往往自己疏忽或者自己考虑不周。但是某些时候并不总是这样的,而是由于外部环境造成的,比如你的网站访问的人数增多,你当初没有考虑到这些数据压力,同时也没有考虑到高度并发性的问题,这个时候问题解决起来是你觉得比较棘手。而要解决这样的问题,不仅仅要专注程序, 更要从系统架构方面着手,综合各方面的知识,进行全面的考虑。
web开发常用调试工具
俗话说:工欲善其石,必先利其器。对于程序的调试,也必须借助外部工具。这里介绍几种在开发web程序中常常用到的工具:
xdebug, xhprof:php性能调试工具。他们都是php的一种扩展,可以很方便的安装和配置。这两个工具主要是将你程序的内部运行状况,调用函数以一种简洁的方式告诉你。让你对程序在什么地方占用过多的资源,那些地方需要进行优化一目了然。 顺便提一下,xdebug生成的profile文件一般借助winCacheGrid查看。
firephp, firbug: 前者主要是php的调试工具,而后者是web开发必不可少的工具, 它不仅能查看请求,还能调试js,css。
在ie下面可以使用HttpWatch。如果需要将数据做深入分析,可以使用抓包工具。
php中常使用的调试函数:error_report, var_dump, print_r, var_export
mysql,apache/nginx的常用的调试技巧:分析他们日志文件也是相当重要。在linux下查看日志文件的常用命令: cat, more, less, grep, awk, sed

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