


Detailed explanation of Bcrypt, PHP's more secure password encryption mechanism
这篇文章主要给大家介绍了关于PHP更安全的密码加密机制Bcrypt的相关资料,文中介绍的非常详细,对大家具有一定的参考学习价值,需要的朋友们下面来一起学习学习吧。
前言
我们常常为了避免在服务器受到攻击,数据库被拖库时,用户的明文密码不被泄露,一般会对密码进行单向不可逆加密——哈希。
常见的方式是:
哈希方式 | 加密密码 |
md5(‘123456') | e10adc3949ba59abbe56e057f20f883e |
md5(‘123456' . ($salt = ‘salt')) | 207acd61a3c1bd506d7e9a4535359f8a |
sha1(‘123456') | 40位密文 |
hash(‘sha256', ‘123456') | 64位密文 |
hash(‘sha512', ‘123456') | 128位密文 |
密文越长,在相同机器上,进行撞库消耗的时间越长,相对越安全。
比较常见的哈希方式是 md5 + 盐,避免用户设置简单密码,被轻松破解。
password_hash
但是,现在要推荐的是 password_hash()
函数,可以轻松对密码实现加盐加密,而且几乎不能破解。
$password = '123456'; var_dump(password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT)); var_dump(password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT));
password_hash
生成的哈希长度是 PASSWORD_BCRYPT —— 60位,PASSWORD_DEFAULT —— 60位 ~ 255位。PASSWORD_DEFAULT 取值跟 php 版本有关系,会等于其他值,但不影响使用。
每一次 password_hash
运行结果都不一样,因此需要使用 password_verify
函数进行验证。
$password = '123456'; $hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT); var_dump(password_verify($password, $hash));
password_hash
会把计算 hash 的所有参数都存储在 hash 结果中,可以使用 password_get_info
获取相关信息。
$password = '123456'; $hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT); var_dump(password_get_info($hash));
输出
array(3) { ["algo"]=> int(1) ["algoName"]=> string(6) "bcrypt" ["options"]=> array(1) { ["cost"]=> int(10) } }
注意:不包含 salt
可以看出我当前版本的 PHP 使用 PASSWORD_DEFAULT
实际是使用 PASSWORD_BCRYPT
。
password_hash($password, $algo, $options)
的第三个参数 $options
支持设置至少 22 位的 salt。但仍然强烈推荐使用 PHP 默认生成的 salt,不要主动设置 salt。
当要更新加密算法和加密选项时,可以通过 password_needs_rehash
判断是否需要重新加密,下面的代码是一段官方示例
$options = array('cost' => 11); // Verify stored hash against plain-text password if (password_verify($password, $hash)) { // Check if a newer hashing algorithm is available // or the cost has changed if (password_needs_rehash($hash, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, $options)) { // If so, create a new hash, and replace the old one $newHash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, $options); } // Log user in }
password_needs_rehash
可以理解为比较 $algo
+ $option
和 password_get_info($hash)
返回值。
password_hash 运算慢
password_hash
是出了名的运行慢,也就意味着在相同时间内,密码重试次数少,泄露风险降低。
$password = '123456'; var_dump(microtime(true)); var_dump(password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT)); var_dump(microtime(true)); echo "\n"; var_dump(microtime(true)); var_dump(md5($password)); for ($i = 0; $i < 999; $i++) { md5($password); } var_dump(microtime(true));
输出
float(1495594920.7034) string(60) "$2y$10$9ZLvgzqmiZPEkYiIUchT6eUJqebekOAjFQO8/jW/Q6DMrmWNn0PDm" float(1495594920.7818) float(1495594920.7818) string(32) "e10adc3949ba59abbe56e057f20f883e" float(1495594920.7823)
password_hash
运行一次耗时 784 毫秒, md5 运行 1000 次耗时 5 毫秒。这是一个非常粗略的比较,跟运行机器有关,但也可以看出 password_hash
运行确实非常慢。
总结
The above is the detailed content of Detailed explanation of Bcrypt, PHP's more secure password encryption mechanism. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

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