PHP内核探索:变量概述_php技巧
现代编程语言中的基本元素主要有:变量,流程控制接口,函数等等。我能否不使用变量来编写程序呢? 这显然是可以的,例如:
echo "Hello AndHM";
?>
这个程序很简单,输出一个字符串内容。
就和我们仅仅使用二进制也能编程一样,不使用变量也能完成大部分的工作,不使用变量我们的程序将丧失极大的灵活性, 变量可以让我们将值存储起来,以便在程序的其他地方使用,或者通过计算保存新的值。 变量具有三个基本特性:
名称。变量的标示符。就像小狗一样,主人可能会给这些小狗起个喜欢的名称。 变量命名上,PHP继承了Perl的语法风格,变量以美元符号开始,后面跟变量名。 一个有效的变量名由字母或者下划线开头,后面跟上任意数量的字母,数字,或者下划线。 PHP同时还支持复合变量,也就是类似$$a的变量,它会进行两次的解释。这给PHP带来了非常灵活的动态特性。
类型。变量的类型,就像小狗的品种,不同的小狗血统可能会不一样,有的聪明, 有的会购物等等。 在很多静态语言中,变量在定义时就指定了,在程序运行过程中都不允许进行变更, 那如果你有一只能随便指定品种的小狗会不会很拉风呢;-) PHP就是这样,属于弱类型语言,可以随便赋予它任何类型的值。
值内容。 这是标示所代表的具体内容。这就像是实实在在的小狗的这个实物。 你可以给任何一条小狗起名为:小七,在编程语言中也是如此,你可以给变量赋予它 所能表示范围的值。不过在同一时间,变量只能有一个值。
PHP中组成变量名的字母可以是英文字母 a-z,A-Z,还可以是 ASCII 字符从 127 到 255(0x7f-0xff)。 变量名是区分大小写的。
除了变量本身,在PHP中我们经常会接触到与变量相关的一些概念,比如:常量,全局变量,静态变量以及类型转换等。 本章我们将介绍这些与变量相关的实现。其中包括PHP本身的变量低层存储结构以及弱类型系统的实现, 以及这些类型之间的相互转换等。
先看一段PHP代码:
$foo = 10;
$bar = 20;
function change() {
global $foo;
$bar = 0;
$foo++;
}
change();
echo $foo, ' ', $bar;
?>
运行代码会输出11 20。
可是为什么会有这样的输出呢?变量在PHP的内部是如何实现的呢? 变量的作用域又是怎么实现的呢? 这是本章将对围绕变量这个主题展开讨论,下面我们从最基本的变量实现开始。
不是所有编程语言中的变量的值都可以改变的。想想我们学过的数学中的变量。 他们的值也是不可改变的。例如: x + y = 10; 变量x和y的值是不能发生变化的。 在某个具体场景,也就是某个方程式中只有表示特定的值,变量的值不能改变的好处是: 这样就能尽可能少的产生副作用, 在Erlang语言中就是如此,它是一门函数式编程语言,非常值得学习。

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