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Nginx + PHP 缓存详解

Jun 23, 2016 pm 02:38 PM

Nginx缓存
nginx有两种缓存机制:fastcgi_cache和proxy_cache
下面我们来说说这两种缓存机制的区别吧
proxy_cache作用是缓存后端服务器的内容,可能是任何内容,包括静态的和动态的
fastcgi_cache作用是缓存fastcgi生成的内容,很多情况是php生成的动态内容
proxy_cache缓存减少了nginx与后端通信的次数,节省了传输时间和后端带宽
fastcgi_cache缓存减少了nginx与php的通信次数,更减轻了php和数据库的压力。

proxy_cache缓存设置

#注:proxy_temp_path和proxy_cache_path指定的路径必须在同一分区proxy_temp_path /data0/proxy_temp_dir;#设置Web缓存区名称为cache_one,内存缓存空间大小为200MB,1天没有被访问的内容自动清除,硬盘缓存空间大小为30GB。proxy_cache_path /data0/proxy_cache_dir levels=1:2 keys_zone=cache_one:200m inactive=1d max_size=30g;server{listen 80;server_name www.yourdomain.com 192.168.8.42;index index.html index.htm;root /data0/htdocs/www;location /{#如果后端的服务器返回502、504、执行超时等错误,自动将请求转发到upstream负载均衡池中的另一台服务器,实现故障转移。proxy_next_upstream http_502 http_504 error timeout invalid_header;proxy_cache cache_one;#对不同的HTTP状态码设置不同的缓存时间proxy_cache_valid 200 304 12h;#以域名、URI、参数组合成Web缓存的Key值,Nginx根据Key值哈希,存储缓存内容到二级缓存目录内proxy_cache_key $host$uri$is_args$args;proxy_set_header Host $host;proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;proxy_pass http://backend_server;expires 1d;}#用于清除缓存,假设一个URL为http://192.168.8.42/test.txt,通过访问http://192.168.8.42/purge/test.txt就可以清除该URL的缓存。location ~ /purge(/.*){#设置只允许指定的IP或IP段才可以清除URL缓存。allow 127.0.0.1;allow 192.168.0.0/16;deny all;proxy_cache_purge cache_one $host$1$is_args$args;}#扩展名以.php、.jsp、.cgi结尾的动态应用程序不缓存。location ~ .*\.(php|jsp|cgi)?${proxy_set_header Host $host;proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;proxy_pass http://backend_server;}access_log off;}}
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fastcgi_cache缓存设置

#定义缓存存放的文件夹fastcgi_cache_path /tt/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=NAME:2880m inactive=2d max_size=10G;#定义缓存不同的url请求fastcgi_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$uri$arg_filename$arg_x$arg_y";server {listen 8080;server_name www.example .com;location / {root /www;index index.html index.htm index.php;}location ~ (|.php)$ {root /www;fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;fastcgi_cache NAME;fastcgi_cache_valid 200 48h;fastcgi_cache_min_uses 1;fastcgi_cache_use_stale error timeout invalid_header http_500;fastcgi_index index.php;fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;include fastcgi.conf;#设置缓存的过程中发现无法获取cookie,经查需要定义这句话fastcgi_pass_header Set-Cookie;}log_format access '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ''$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ''"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';access_log /httplogs/access.log access;}
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总的来说 nginx的proxy_cache和fastcgi_cache的缓存配置差不多。
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memcache缓存
在讨论memcache缓存之前,我们先了解下mysql的内存缓存吧
mysql的内存缓存可以在my.cnf中指定大小:内存表和临时表不同,临时表也是存放内存中,临时表最大的内存需要通过tmp_table_size=128M设定。当数据查过临时表的最大值设定时,自动转为磁盘表,此时因需要进行IO操作,性能会大大下降,而内存表不会,内存满了后,会提示数据满错误。
例:
create table test
(
id int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key
state char(10),
type char(20),
date char(30)
)engine=memory default charset=utf8

内存表的特性:
1.内存表的表定义存放在磁盘上,扩展名为.frm,所以重启不会丢失
2.内存表的数据是存放在内存中,重启会丢失数据
3.内存表使用一个固定的长度格式
4.内存表不支持blob或text列,比如varchar与text字段就不会被支持
5.内存表支持auto_increment列和对可包含null值的列的索引
6.内存表不支持事物
7.内存表是表锁,当修改频繁时,性能可能会下降

下面我们来看看memcache,相对而言mysql的内存表限制较多。
memcache的用途
1.提高系统的并发能力
2.减轻数据库的负担
注:memcache linux系统32位只支持4G内存,同时memcache最长保存时间为30天。

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