PHP:执行模型和内存模型
背景
对于任何一种语言,了解其执行模型和内存模型都是有意义的,本文中的内容不见得正确,请多批评。
执行模型每个请求都是一个独立的PHP进程,两个请求之间会完全隔离,会话和Cookie是通过其他机制在多个请求之间实现数据共享,像静态变量和全局属性这些会在每个请求中重新初始化。
示例
1 <?php2 static $StaticVar = 1;3 $StaticVar++;4 5 echo $StaticVar.'<br/>';6 ?>
结果
2 //无论刷新多少次请求,结果都是2。
以下是PHP的内存管理规则:
默认按值传递。 必须显式的声明按引用传递。 对象类型的值是对象的地址。
1 $symbol = value;
其中:symbo是符号,存放在符号表中(全局符号表或活动符号表),value是符号引用的值。
1 $symbol_ref = &$symbol;
其中:symbo_ref和symbo会l引用同一个值。
第一个小测试代码
1 <?php 2 $var_a = 1; 3 $var_b = $var_a; 4 $var_c = &$var_a; 5 $var_d = $var_c; 6 $var_e = &$var_c; 7 $var_e = 2; 8 9 echo "var_a:$var_a, var_b:$var_b, var_c:$var_c, var_d:$var_d, var_e:$var_e<br/>"10 11 ?>
结果
1 var_a:2, var_b:1, var_c:2, var_d:1, var_e:2
内存变化
第一步
第二步
第三步
第四步
第五步
第六步
第二个小测试代码
1 <?php 2 class TestClass { 3 private $value = 1; 4 5 function setValue($value) { 6 $this->value = $value; 7 } 8 9 function getValue() {10 return $this->value; 11 }12 }13 14 $var_obj = new TestClass();15 $var_obj_copy = $var_obj;16 $var_obj_ref = &$var_obj;17 18 $var_obj_ref->setValue(2);19 20 echo $var_obj->getValue().'<br/>';21 echo $var_obj_copy->getValue().'<br/>';22 echo $var_obj_ref->getValue().'<br/>';23 ?>
结果
1 //输出结果2 3 24 25 2
内存变化
第一步
第二步
第三步
第四步
备注真正的PHP内存不是上面那样,但是语义上和上面描述的没有区别,PHP为了优化内存做了一些额外的工作。
PHP为了提高内存利用效率,并不是在赋值给符号的时候立即按值拷贝的,每个值都维护了一个引用计数(被多少个符号引用了),在某些合适的时刻会自动拷贝,不过这些时刻对于开发人员是透明的,可以不用考虑。
有感兴趣的朋友,可以参考这篇文章:http://www.laruence.com/2008/09/19/520.html。

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