【PHP内核学习】深入理解FastCGI
|=-----------------------------------------------------------------------=||=------------------------=[ 深入理解FastCGI ]=--------------------------=||=-----------------------------------------------------------------------=||=--------------------------=[ by d4shman ]=---------------------------=||=-----------------------------------------------------------------------=||=-------------------------=[ May 7, 2014 ]=---------------------------=||=-----------------------------------------------------------------------=|[目录]0x01 什么是FastCGI0x02 FastCGI的工作流程0x03 PHP中的CGI实现0x04 参考文献0x01 什么是FastCGI CGI全称是“通用网关接口”( Common Gateway Interface),它可以让一个客户端从网页浏览器向执行在web服务器上的程序请求数据。CGI描述了客户端和这个程序之间传递数据的一种标准。 FastCGI是web服务器和处理程序之间通讯的一种协议, 是CGI的一种改进方案, FastCGI像是一个常驻(long live)型的CGI, 它可以一直执行,在请求到达时不会花费时间去fork一个进程来处理(这是CGI最为人诟病的fork-and-execute模式)。 CGI程序反复加载是CGI性能低下的主要原因,FastCGI将CGI解释器进程保持在内存内中,以此获得较高的性能。同时,FastCGI还支持分布式计算,也就是说,Web Server和FastCGI可以部署在不同的服务器上。0x02 FastCGI的工作流程 1.Web server启动时载入FastCGI进程管理器(Apache Module、IIS ISAPI等) 2.FastCGI进程管理器自身初始化,启动多个CGI解释器进程php-cgi并等待来自 Web Server的连接。 3.当客户端的请求到达Web Server时,FastCGI选择并连接到一个CGI解释器。 Web server将CGI环境变量和标准输入发送到FastCGI子进程php-cgi。 4.FastCGI子进程完成处理后将标准输出和错误信息从同一连接返回Web Server。 php-cgi关闭本次连接并等待下次连接。 0x03 PHP中的CGI实现 PHP中的CGI实现了FastCGI协议,是一个TCP或UDP协议的服务器接受来自Web服务器的请求,当启动时创建TCP/UDP协议的服务器socket监听,并接受相关请求进行处理。随后就进入了PHP的生命周期:模块初始化,sapi初始化,处理PHP请求,模块关闭,sapi关闭。以上构成了PHP中CGI的生命周期。 以TCP为例,在TCP的服务端,一般会执行这样的几个操作步骤: 1.调用socket函数创建一个TCP用的流式套接字 2.调用bind函数将服务器的本地地址与前面创建的套接字绑定 3.调用listen函数监听新创建的套接字,等待客户端发起的连接请求 4.服务器进程调用accept函数进入阻塞状态,知道有客户进程调用connect函数建 立连接 5.当连接建立后,服务器调用read_stream函数读取客户端的请求 6.处理完数据后,服务器调用write函数向客户端发送应答 <!-------------- 这就是活生生的socket通信啊 ---------------> 下面从PHP源码来看这个过程: (以下代码我只保留了关键部分,完整代码请自行查看PHP源码) 1.socket的创建、绑定和监听(在源码的sapi/cgi/fastcgi.c中) /* Create, bind socket and start listen on it */ if ((listen_socket = socket(sa.sa.sa_family, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) = 0) { SG(server_context) = (void *) &request; init_request_info(TSRMLS_C); CG(interactive) = 0; } } 3.调用read函数读取客户端请求: static int fcgi_read_request(fcgi_request *req) { fcgi_header hdr; int len, padding; unsigned char buf[FCGI_MAX_LENGTH+8]; req->keep = 0; req->closed = 0; req->in_len = 0; req->out_hdr = NULL; req->out_pos = req->out_buf; req->has_env = 1; /*调用sage_read读取fcgi_request类型的数据req*/ if (safe_read(req, &hdr, sizeof(fcgi_header)) != sizeof(fcgi_header) || hdr.version fd >= 0) { if (!req->closed) { ret = fcgi_flush(req, 1); req->closed = 1; } fcgi_close(req, force_close, 1); } return ret; } 如上,当socket处于打开状态(reg->fd >= 0),并且请求未关闭,则会将执行后的结果刷到客户端,并将请求的关闭设置为真。 将数据刷到客户端的程序调用的是fcgi_flush函数。在此函数中,关键是在于答应头的构造和写操作。 程序的写操作是调用的safe_write函数,而safe_write函数中对于最终的写操作针对win和linux环境做了区分,在Win32下,如果是TCP连接则用send函数,如果是非TCP则和非win环境一样使用write函数。如下代码: static inline ssize_t safe_write(fcgi_request *req, const void *buf, size_t count) { int ret; size_t n = 0; do { errno = 0; #ifdef _WIN32 /*win32环境*/ if (!req->tcp) { /*非TCP连接,调用write函数*/ ret = write(req->fd, ((char*)buf)+n, count-n); } else { /*TCP连接,调用send函数*/ ret = send(req->fd, ((char*)buf)+n, count-n, 0); if (ret fd, ((char*)buf)+n, count-n); #endif if (ret > 0) { n += ret; } else if (ret <br>

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