PHP 中的 == 和“隐式转换”
引言
最近,在 Hacker News 上有一篇帖子(https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9484757),提到了一种探测网站密码加密方式的方法。
<?phpvar_dump(md5('240610708') == md5('QNKCDZO'));var_dump(sha1('aaroZmOk') == sha1('aaK1STfY'));var_dump('0x1234Ab' == '1193131');
结果都是:
bool(true)bool(true)bool(true)
如果在一个网站,使用240610708作为密码,然后用QNKCDZO登陆,结果可以登录的话,说明密码是以MD5方式保存的。类似的,如果用aaroZmOk作为密码,然后用aaK1STfY登陆,结果可以登录的话,说明密码是以sha1方式保存的。第三种当然就是明文存储了。
分析以第一组数为例:
md5('240610708') 的结果是:0e462097431906509019562988736854md5('QNKCDZO') 的结果是:0e830400451993494058024219903391
由于 PHP 是弱类型语言,在使用 == 号时,如果比较一个数字和字符串或者比较涉及到数字内容的字符串,则字符串会被转换为数值并且比较按照数值来进行。此规则也适用于 switch 语句。上述例子中的两个字符串恰好以 0e 的科学记数法开头,字符串被隐式转换为浮点数,实际上也就等效于 0×10^0 ,因此比较起来是相等的。
类似<?phpvar_dump( 0 == "a" );var_dump( "0" == "a" );
第一个返回的是 true,第二个返回的是 false
结论PHP中的Hash校验,应该使用“===”,而不应该使用“==”。另外如果生产环境版本足够高的话(PHP >= 5.6.0),最好使用 hash_equals() 函数。
hash_equals() 在比较两个字符串,无论它们是否相等,函数的时间消耗是恒定的,可以用来防止时序攻击。

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