Home Backend Development PHP Tutorial PHP中的Traits详解

PHP中的Traits详解

Jun 23, 2016 pm 01:31 PM

原文链接:http://tabalt.net/blog/php-traits/

PHP是单继承的语言,在PHP 5.4 Traits出现之前,PHP的类无法同时从两个基类继承属性或方法。php的Traits和Go语言的组合功能类似,通过在类中使用use关键字声明要组合的Trait名称,而具体某个Trait的声明使用trait关键词,Trait不能直接实例化。具体用法请看下面的代码:

<?php    trait Drive {        public $carName = 'trait';        public function driving() {            echo "driving {$this->carName}\n";        }    }    class Person {        public function eat() {            echo "eat\n";        }    }    class Student extends Person {        use Drive;        public function study() {            echo "study\n";        }    }    $student = new Student();    $student->study();    $student->eat();    $student->driving();
Copy after login

输出结果如下:

studyeatdriving trait
Copy after login

上面的例子中,Student类通过继承Person,有了eat方法,通过组合Drive,有了driving方法和属性carName。

如果Trait、基类和本类中都存在某个同名的属性或者方法,最终会保留哪一个呢?通过下面的代码测试一下:

<?php     trait Drive {        public function hello() {            echo "hello drive\n";        }        public function driving() {            echo "driving from drive\n";        }    }    class Person {        public function hello() {            echo "hello person\n";        }        public function driving() {            echo "driving from person\n";        }    }    class Student extends Person {        use Drive;        public function hello() {            echo "hello student\n";        }    }    $student = new Student();    $student->hello();    $student->driving();
Copy after login

输出结果如下:

hello studentdriving from drive
Copy after login

因此得出结论:当方法或属性同名时,当前类中的方法会覆盖 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆盖了基类中的方法。

如果要组合多个Trait,通过逗号分隔 Trait名称:

use Trait1, Trait2;
Copy after login

如果多个Trait中包含同名方法或者属性时,会怎样呢?答案是当组合的多个Trait包含同名属性或者方法时,需要明确声明解决冲突,否则会产生一个致命错误。

<?phptrait Trait1 {    public function hello() {        echo "Trait1::hello\n";    }    public function hi() {        echo "Trait1::hi\n";    }}trait Trait2 {    public function hello() {        echo "Trait2::hello\n";    }    public function hi() {        echo "Trait2::hi\n";    }}class Class1 {    use Trait1, Trait2;}
Copy after login

输出结果如下:

PHP Fatal error:  Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in ~/php54/trait_3.php on line 20
Copy after login

使用insteadof和as操作符来解决冲突,insteadof是使用某个方法替代另一个,而as是给方法取一个别名,具体用法请看代码:

<?phptrait Trait1 {    public function hello() {        echo "Trait1::hello\n";    }    public function hi() {        echo "Trait1::hi\n";    }}trait Trait2 {    public function hello() {        echo "Trait2::hello\n";    }    public function hi() {        echo "Trait2::hi\n";    }}class Class1 {    use Trait1, Trait2 {        Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;        Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;    }}class Class2 {    use Trait1, Trait2 {        Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;        Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;        Trait2::hi as hei;        Trait1::hello as hehe;    }}$Obj1 = new Class1();$Obj1->hello();$Obj1->hi();echo "\n";$Obj2 = new Class2();$Obj2->hello();$Obj2->hi();$Obj2->hei();$Obj2->hehe();
Copy after login

输出结果如下:

Trait2::helloTrait1::hiTrait2::helloTrait1::hiTrait2::hiTrait1::hello
Copy after login

as关键词还有另外一个用途,那就是修改方法的访问控制:

<?php    trait Hello {        public function hello() {            echo "hello,trait\n";        }    }    class Class1 {        use Hello {            hello as protected;        }    }    class Class2 {        use Hello {            Hello::hello as private hi;        }    }    $Obj1 = new Class1();    $Obj1->hello(); # 报致命错误,因为hello方法被修改成受保护的    $Obj2 = new Class2();    $Obj2->hello(); # 原来的hello方法仍然是公共的    $Obj2->hi();  # 报致命错误,因为别名hi方法被修改成私有的
Copy after login

Trait 也能组合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、静态属性及静态方法,测试代码如下:

<?phptrait Hello {    public function sayHello() {        echo "Hello\n";    }}trait World {    use Hello;    public function sayWorld() {        echo "World\n";    }    abstract public function getWorld();    public function inc() {        static $c = 0;        $c = $c + 1;        echo "$c\n";    }    public static function doSomething() {        echo "Doing something\n";    }}class HelloWorld {    use World;    public function getWorld() {        return 'get World';    }}$Obj = new HelloWorld();$Obj->sayHello();$Obj->sayWorld();echo $Obj->getWorld() . "\n";HelloWorld::doSomething();$Obj->inc();$Obj->inc();
Copy after login

输出结果如下:

HelloWorldget WorldDoing something12
Copy after login

原文链接:http://tabalt.net/blog/php-traits/

Statement of this Website
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap

Video Face Swap

Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1

Notepad++7.3.1

Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version

SublimeText3 Chinese version

Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6

Dreamweaver CS6

Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Explain JSON Web Tokens (JWT) and their use case in PHP APIs. Explain JSON Web Tokens (JWT) and their use case in PHP APIs. Apr 05, 2025 am 12:04 AM

JWT is an open standard based on JSON, used to securely transmit information between parties, mainly for identity authentication and information exchange. 1. JWT consists of three parts: Header, Payload and Signature. 2. The working principle of JWT includes three steps: generating JWT, verifying JWT and parsing Payload. 3. When using JWT for authentication in PHP, JWT can be generated and verified, and user role and permission information can be included in advanced usage. 4. Common errors include signature verification failure, token expiration, and payload oversized. Debugging skills include using debugging tools and logging. 5. Performance optimization and best practices include using appropriate signature algorithms, setting validity periods reasonably,

How does session hijacking work and how can you mitigate it in PHP? How does session hijacking work and how can you mitigate it in PHP? Apr 06, 2025 am 12:02 AM

Session hijacking can be achieved through the following steps: 1. Obtain the session ID, 2. Use the session ID, 3. Keep the session active. The methods to prevent session hijacking in PHP include: 1. Use the session_regenerate_id() function to regenerate the session ID, 2. Store session data through the database, 3. Ensure that all session data is transmitted through HTTPS.

What are Enumerations (Enums) in PHP 8.1? What are Enumerations (Enums) in PHP 8.1? Apr 03, 2025 am 12:05 AM

The enumeration function in PHP8.1 enhances the clarity and type safety of the code by defining named constants. 1) Enumerations can be integers, strings or objects, improving code readability and type safety. 2) Enumeration is based on class and supports object-oriented features such as traversal and reflection. 3) Enumeration can be used for comparison and assignment to ensure type safety. 4) Enumeration supports adding methods to implement complex logic. 5) Strict type checking and error handling can avoid common errors. 6) Enumeration reduces magic value and improves maintainability, but pay attention to performance optimization.

Describe the SOLID principles and how they apply to PHP development. Describe the SOLID principles and how they apply to PHP development. Apr 03, 2025 am 12:04 AM

The application of SOLID principle in PHP development includes: 1. Single responsibility principle (SRP): Each class is responsible for only one function. 2. Open and close principle (OCP): Changes are achieved through extension rather than modification. 3. Lisch's Substitution Principle (LSP): Subclasses can replace base classes without affecting program accuracy. 4. Interface isolation principle (ISP): Use fine-grained interfaces to avoid dependencies and unused methods. 5. Dependency inversion principle (DIP): High and low-level modules rely on abstraction and are implemented through dependency injection.

How to debug CLI mode in PHPStorm? How to debug CLI mode in PHPStorm? Apr 01, 2025 pm 02:57 PM

How to debug CLI mode in PHPStorm? When developing with PHPStorm, sometimes we need to debug PHP in command line interface (CLI) mode...

How to automatically set permissions of unixsocket after system restart? How to automatically set permissions of unixsocket after system restart? Mar 31, 2025 pm 11:54 PM

How to automatically set the permissions of unixsocket after the system restarts. Every time the system restarts, we need to execute the following command to modify the permissions of unixsocket: sudo...

How to send a POST request containing JSON data using PHP's cURL library? How to send a POST request containing JSON data using PHP's cURL library? Apr 01, 2025 pm 03:12 PM

Sending JSON data using PHP's cURL library In PHP development, it is often necessary to interact with external APIs. One of the common ways is to use cURL library to send POST�...

See all articles