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php之依赖注入和控制反转

Jun 23, 2016 pm 01:06 PM


    DI——Dependency Injection   依赖注入

    IoC——Inversion of Control  控制反转

   要想理解上面两个概念,就必须搞清楚如下的问题:

      1、参与者都有谁?  

  答:一般有三方参与者,一个是某个对象;一个是IoC/DI的容器;另一个是某个对象的外部资源。又要名词解释一下,某个对象指的就是任意的、普通的Java对象; IoC/DI的容器简单点说就是指用来实现IoC/DI功能的一个框架程序;对象的外部资源指的就是对象需要的,但是是从对象外部获取的,都统称资源,比如:对象需要的其它对象、或者是对象需要的文件资源等等。

  2、依赖:谁依赖于谁?为什么会有依赖? 

  答:某个对象依赖于IoC/DI的容器。依赖是不可避免的,在一个项目中,各个类之间有各种各样的关系,不可能全部完全独立,这就形成了依赖。传统的开发是使用其他类时直接调用,这会形成强耦合,这是要避免的。依赖注入借用容器转移了被依赖对象实现解耦。

  3、注入:谁注入于谁?到底注入什么?

  答:通过容器向对象注入其所需要的外部资源

  4、控制反转:谁控制谁?控制什么?为什么叫反转?

  答: IoC/DI的容器控制对象,主要是控制对象实例的创建。反转是相对于正向而言的,那么什么算是正向的呢?考虑一下常规情况下的应用程序,如果要在A里面使用C,你会怎么做呢?当然是直接去创建C的对象,也就是说,是在A类中主动去获取所需要的外部资源C,这种情况被称为正向的。那么什么是反向呢?就是A类不再主动去获取C,而是被动等待,等待IoC/DI的容器获取一个C的实例,然后反向的注入到A类中。

  5、依赖注入和控制反转是同一概念吗? 

  答:从上面可以看出:依赖注入是从应用程序的角度在描述,可以把依赖注入描述完整点:应用程序依赖容器创建并注入它所需要的外部资源;而控制反转是从容器的角度在描述,描述完整点:容器控制应用程序,由容器反向的向应用程序注入应用程序所需要的外部资源。

 

     下面我们通过例子来具体看看依赖注入的一些实现方式:

  1.构造器注入

<?phpclass Book {   private $db_conn;    public function __construct($db_conn) {       $this->db_conn = $db_conn;   }}
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  2、setter注入

<?php<br />  <br />class book{<br />     private $db;<br />   private $file;<br />     function setdb($db){<br />          $this->db=$db;<br />     }<br />     function setfile($file){<br />         $this->file=$file;<br />     }<br />}<br />class file{}<br />class db{}<br />...<br /><br />class test{<br />    $book = new Book();    $book->setdb(new db());  <br />      $book->setfile(new file());<br />}?>
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  上面俩种方法代码很清晰,但是当我们需要注入很多个依赖时,意味着又要增加很多行,会比较难以管理。

  比较好的解决办法是 建立一个class作为所有依赖关系的container,在这个class中可以存放、创建、获取、查找需要的依赖关系

<?phpclass Ioc {   protected $db_conn;   public static function make_book() {       $new_book = new Book();       $new_book->set_db(self::$db_conn);       //...       //...       //其他的依赖注入       return $new_book;   }}
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  此时,如果获取一个book实例,只需要执行$newone = Ioc::makebook();

  以上是container的一个具体实例,最好还是不要把具体的某个依赖注入写成方法,采用registry注册,get获取比较好

<?phpclass Ioc {/*** @var 注册的依赖数组*/    protected static $registry = array();    /**    * 添加一个resolve到registry数组中    * @param  string $name 依赖标识    * @param  object $resolve 一个匿名函数用来创建实例    * @return void    */   public static function register($name, Closure $resolve)   {      static::$registry[$name] = $resolve;   }    /**     * 返回一个实例     * @param  string $name 依赖的标识     * @return mixed     */   public static function resolve($name)   {       if ( static::registered($name) )       {          $name = static::$registry[$name];          return $name();       }       throw new Exception('Nothing registered with that name, fool.');   }   /**    * 查询某个依赖实例是否存在    * @param  string $name id    * @return bool     */   public static function registered($name)   {      return array_key_exists($name, static::$registry);   }}
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  现在就可以通过如下方式来注册和注入一个

<?php$book = Ioc::registry('book', function(){$book = new Book;$book->setdb('...');$book->setprice('...');return $book;}); //注入依赖$book = Ioc::resolve('book');?>
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  参考:http://www.4wei.cn/archives/1002316

 

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