动态网页PHP中引用&的使用注意事项
之前一个朋友的帖子提到过这方面的疑问,这里简单整理一下,希望能让更多新学php的朋友得到帮助。
php的引用(就是在变量或者函数、对象等前面加上&符号)是个高级话题,新手多注意,正确的理解php的引用很重要,对性能有较大影响,而且理解错误可能导致程序错误!
很多人误解php中的引用跟C当中的指针一样,事实上并非如此,而且很大差别。C语言中的指针除了在数组传递过程中不用显式申明外,其他都需要使用*进行定义,而php中对于地址的指向(类似指针)功能不是由用户自己来实现的,是由Zend核心实现的,php中引用采用的是“写时拷贝”的原理,就是除非发生写操作,指向同一个地址的变量或者对象是不会被拷贝的,比如下面的代码:
$a = array('a','c'...'n');
$b = $a;
如果程序仅执行到这里,$b和$b是相同的,但是并没有像C那样,$a和$b占用不同的内存空间,而是指向了同一块内存,这就是php和c的差别,并不需要写成$b=&$a才表示$b指向$a的内存,zend就已经帮你实现了引用,并且zend会非常智能的帮你去判断什么时候该这样处理,什么时候不该这样处理。
如果在后面继续写如下代码,增加一个函数,通过引用的方式传递参数,并打印输出数组大小。
function printArray(&$arr) //引用传递
{
print(count($arr));
}
printArray($a);
上面的代码中,我们通过引用把$a数组传入printArray()函数,zend引擎会认为printArray()可能会导致对$a的改变,此时就会自动为$b生产一个$a的数据拷贝,重新申请一块内存进行存储。这就是前面提到的“写时拷贝”概念。
如果我们把上面的代码改成下面这样:
function printArray($arr) //值传递
{
print(count($arr));
}
printArray($a);
上面的代码直接传递$a值到printArray()中,此时并不存在引用传递,所以没有出现写时拷贝。
大家可以测试一下上面两行代码的执行效率,比如外面加入一个循环1000次,看看运行的耗时,结果会让你知道不正确使用引用会导致性能下降30%以上。

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