Zend引擎的优化
在PHP 5.4的更新list上, 有一句: 提升了Zend引擎的性能, 减少了内存占用.
那么, 到底是怎么提升的呢?
避免不必要的Hashtable
我们知道在PHP中, 类的属性/静态属性/常量, 都是保存在Hashtable中的, 而在以前, 即使一个类没有申明属性/静态属性/常量, Zend引擎也会为他们分配Hashtable.
而在现在, 这个过程被优化了, 只有在有元素的时候才会分配Hashtable.
这样就避免一些emalloc/efree操作, 减少一些内存占用.
四元式优化
在PHP中, 真正执行的是Opcodes, 一个Opcodes包含3个固定的操作数, result, left, right, 在以前, 这三个操作数每一个都包含一个zval, 即使根本用不到的时候, 比如没有右操作数的时候, 还会为右操作数分配一个zval.
而在现在, 所有的操作数将不再直接包含zval, 而是包含一个literal table的指针, 每一个op array都会包含一个literal table.
并且znode也做了相应的调整.
这样一来, 也能减少一些内存占用. 从之前的(32位操作系统)一个opcode占用72byte, 到现在的28byte.
另外, 对于string, literal table还会保存一份这个string的预先计算的hash值, 避免了在运行时多次计算. 从而提高一部分性能.
字面字符串
就好像C语言中, 代码中的字面字符串, 会保存在一个固定段内(数据段), 在整个执行时期, 这些字符串都是常量字符串,不能被修改,不能被free.
PHP也借鉴了这样的思想, 提出一个Internal string的概念, 在PHP代码中的字面量字符串, 将会一次分配, 并前在整个执行期都不能被修改.
PHP在copy_zval, free zval等操作的时候, 会对internal string特别处理, 避免不必要的free和复制.
并且这些字面量字符串的hash值将会被预先计算, 这样一来, 对于字符串比较 ==, 以及hashtable中的hash计算来说, 都可以直接使用这个预先计算的hash值, 从而能提高一部分性能.
其他
当然, 还有很多优化点, 比如优化了opcode, 减少了一些不必要的opcodes, 在此就不一一赘述了.
对比
下面是PHP开发小组内部测试的一些数据:
php-trunk | patched | inprovement | |
---|---|---|---|
bench.php (sec) | 4.31 | 3.49 | 19% |
micro_bench.php (sec) | 19.78 | 14.63 | 26% |
一些实际的应用:
php-trunk | pathced | improvement | |
---|---|---|---|
blog (req/sec) | 59.3 | 66.2 | 12% |
drupal (req/sec) | 1073.9 | 1084.8 | 1% |
fw (req/sec) | 105.3 | 111.8 | 6% |
hello (req/sec) | 5362.5 | 5351.4 | 0% |
qdig (req/sec) | 243.4 | 253.7 | 4% |
typo3 (req/sec) | 355.3 | 382.6 | 8% |
wordpress (req/sec) | 101.8 | 108.5 | 7% |
xoops (req/sec) | 70.3 | 78.5 | 12% |
scrum (req/sec) | 86.5 | 104.2 | 20% |
从这些数据来看, 性能提升还是很明显的..

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