PHP查询MySQL大量数据的内存
这篇文章主要是从原理, 手册和源码分析在PHP中查询MySQL返回大量结果时, 内存占用的问题, 同时对使用MySQL C API也有涉及。
昨天, 有同事在PHP讨论群里提到, 他做的一个项目由于MySQL查询返回的结果太多(达10万条), 从而导致PHP内存不够用。 所以, 他问, 在执行下面的代码遍历返回的MySQL结果之前, 数据是否已经在内存中了? -
while ($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($result)) {
// …
}
当然, 这种问题有许多优化的方法。 不过, 就这个问题来讲, 我首先想到, MySQL是经典的C/S(Client/Server, 客户端/服务器)模型, 在遍历结果集之前, 底层的实现可能已经把所有的数据通过网络(假设使用TCP/IP)读到了Client的缓冲区, 也有另一种可能, 就是数据还在Server端的发送缓冲区里, 并没有传给Client.
在查看PHP和MySQL的源码之前, 我注意到PHP手册里有两个功能相近的函数:
mysql_query()
mysql_unbuffered_query()
两个函数的字面意思和说明证实了我的想法, 前一个函数执行时, 会把所有的结果集从Server端读到Client端的缓冲区中, 而后一个则没有, 这就是“unbuffered(未缓冲)”的意思。
那就是说, 如果用mysql_unbuffered_query()执行了一条返回大量结果集的SQL语句, 在遍历结果之前, PHP的内存是没有被结果集占用的。 而用mysql_query()来执行同样的语句的话, 函数返回时, PHP的内存占用便会急剧增加, 立即耗光内存。
如果阅读PHP的相关代码, 可以看到这两个函数的实现上的异同:
/* {{{ proto resource mysql_query(string query [, int link_identifier])
Sends an SQL query to MySQL */
PHP_FUNCTION(mysql_query)
{
php_mysql_do_query(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU, MYSQL_STORE_RESULT);
}
/* }}} */
/* {{{ proto resource mysql_unbuffered_query(string query [, int link_identifier])
Sends an SQL query to MySQL, without fetching and buffering the result rows */
PHP_FUNCTION(mysql_unbuffered_query)
{
php_mysql_do_query(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU, MYSQL_USE_RESULT);
}
/* }}} */
两个函数都调用了php_mysql_do_query(), 只差了第2个参数的不同, MYSQL_STORE_RESULT和MYSQL_USE_RESULT. 再看php_mysql_do_query()的实现:
if(use_store == MYSQL_USE_RESULT) {
mysql_result=mysql_use_result(&mysql->conn);
} else {
mysql_result=mysql_store_result(&mysql->conn);
}
mysql_use_result()和mysql_store_result()是MySQL的C API函数, 这两个C API函数的区别就是后者把结果集从MySQL Server端全部读取到了Client端, 前者只是读取了结果集的元信息。
回到PHP, 使用mysql_unbuffered_query(), 可以避免内存的立即占用。 如果在遍历的过程不对结果进行“PHP缓存”(如放到某数组中), 则整个执行过程虽然操作了十万条或者百万条或者更多的数据, 但PHP占用的内存始终是非常小的。

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