PHP 设计模式系列 -- 模板方法模式(Template Method)
1、模式定义
模板方法模式又叫模板模式,该模式在一个方法中定义一个算法的骨架,而将一些步骤延迟到子类中。模板方法使得子类可以在不改变算法结构的情况下,重新定义算法中的某些步骤。
模板方法模式将主要的方法定义为 final ,防止子类修改算法骨架,将子类必须实现的方法定义为 abstract 。而普通的方法(无 final 或 abstract 修饰)则称之为钩子( hook )。
2、UML类图
3、示例代码
Journey.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\TemplateMethod;abstract class Journey{ /** * 该方法是父类和子类提供的公共服务 * 注意到方法前加了final,意味着子类不能重写该方法 */ final public function takeATrip() { $this->buyAFlight(); $this->takePlane(); $this->enjoyVacation(); $this->buyGift(); $this->takePlane(); } /** * 该方法必须被子类实现, 这是模板方法模式的核心特性 */ abstract protected function enjoyVacation(); /** * 这个方法也是算法的一部分,但是是可选的,只有在需要的时候才去重写它 */ protected function buyGift() { } /** * 子类不能访问该方法 */ private function buyAFlight() { echo "Buying a flight\n"; } /** * 这也是个final方法 */ final protected function takePlane() { echo "Taking the plane\n"; }}
BeachJourney.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\TemplateMethod;/** * BeachJourney类(在海滩度假) */class BeachJourney extends Journey{ protected function enjoyVacation() { echo "Swimming and sun-bathing\n"; }}
CityJourney.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\TemplateMethod;/** * CityJourney类(在城市中度假) */class CityJourney extends Journey{ protected function enjoyVacation() { echo "Eat, drink, take photos and sleep\n"; }}
4、测试代码
Tests/JourneyTest.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\TemplateMethod\Tests;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\TemplateMethod;/** * JourneyTest测试所有的度假 */class JourneyTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase{ public function testBeach() { $journey = new TemplateMethod\BeachJourney(); $this->expectOutputRegex('#sun-bathing#'); $journey->takeATrip(); } public function testCity() { $journey = new TemplateMethod\CityJourney(); $this->expectOutputRegex('#drink#'); $journey->takeATrip(); } /** * 在PHPUnit中如何测试抽象模板方法 */ public function testLasVegas() { $journey = $this->getMockForAbstractClass('DesignPatterns\Behavioral\TemplateMethod\Journey'); $journey->expects($this->once()) ->method('enjoyVacation') ->will($this->returnCallback(array($this, 'mockUpVacation'))); $this->expectOutputRegex('#Las Vegas#'); $journey->takeATrip(); } public function mockUpVacation() { echo "Fear and loathing in Las Vegas\n"; }}
5、总结
模板方法模式是基于继承的代码复用技术,模板方法模式的结构和用法也是面向对象设计的核心之一。在模板方法模式中,可以将相同的代码放在父类中,而将不同的方法实现放在不同的子类中。
在模板方法模式中,我们需要准备一个抽象类,将部分逻辑以具体方法以及具体构造函数的形式实现,然后声明一些抽象方法来让子类实现剩余的逻辑。不同的子类可以以不同的方式实现这些抽象方法,从而对剩余的逻辑有不同的实现,这就是模板方法模式的用意。模板方法模式体现了面向对象的诸多重要思想,是一种使用频率较高的模式。

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