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Python 字典(Dictionary)操作详解

Jun 16, 2016 am 08:44 AM
python python dictionary operations

Python字典是另一种可变容器模型,且可存储任意类型对象,如字符串、数字、元组等其他容器模型。
一、创建字典
字典由键和对应值成对组成。字典也被称作关联数组或哈希表。基本语法如下:

复制代码 代码如下:
dict = {'Alice': '2341', 'Beth': '9102', 'Cecil': '3258'}
也可如此创建字典:
复制代码 代码如下:
dict1 = { 'abc': 456 };
dict2 = { 'abc': 123, 98.6: 37 };
注意:
每个键与值用冒号隔开(:),每对用逗号,每对用逗号分割,整体放在花括号中({})。
键必须独一无二,但值则不必。
值可以取任何数据类型,但必须是不可变的,如字符串,数或元组。
二、访问字典里的值
把相应的键放入熟悉的方括弧,如下实例:
复制代码 代码如下:
#!/usr/bin/python

dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'};

print "dict['Name']: ", dict['Name'];
print "dict['Age']: ", dict['Age'];
#以上实例输出结果:

#dict['Name']:  Zara
#dict['Age']:  7


如果用字典里没有的键访问数据,会输出错误如下:
复制代码 代码如下:
#!/usr/bin/python

dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'};

print "dict['Alice']: ", dict['Alice'];
#以上实例输出结果:

#dict['Zara']:
#Traceback (most recent call last):
#  File "test.py", line 4, in
#    print "dict['Alice']: ", dict['Alice'];
#KeyError: 'Alice'[/code]
三、修改字典
向字典添加新内容的方法是增加新的键/值对,修改或删除已有键/值对如下实例:

复制代码 代码如下:
#!/usr/bin/python

dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'};

dict['Age'] = 8; # update existing entry
dict['School'] = "DPS School"; # Add new entry

 
print "dict['Age']: ", dict['Age'];
print "dict['School']: ", dict['School'];
#以上实例输出结果:
#dict['Age']:  8
#dict['School']:  DPS School
四、删除字典元素
能删单一的元素也能清空字典,清空只需一项操作。
显示删除一个字典用del命令,如下实例:
复制代码 代码如下:
#!/usr/bin/python

dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'};

del dict['Name']; # 删除键是'Name'的条目
dict.clear();     # 清空词典所有条目
del dict ;        # 删除词典

print "dict['Age']: ", dict['Age'];
print "dict['School']: ", dict['School'];
#但这会引发一个异常,因为用del后字典不再存在:

dict['Age']:
#Traceback (most recent call last):
#  File "test.py", line 8, in
#    print "dict['Age']: ", dict['Age'];
#TypeError: 'type' object is unsubscriptable


五、字典键的特性
字典值可以没有限制地取任何python对象,既可以是标准的对象,也可以是用户定义的,但键不行。
两个重要的点需要记住:
1)不允许同一个键出现两次。创建时如果同一个键被赋值两次,后一个值会被记住,如下实例:
复制代码 代码如下:
#!/usr/bin/python

dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Name': 'Manni'};

print "dict['Name']: ", dict['Name'];
#以上实例输出结果:
#dict['Name']:  Manni
2)键必须不可变,所以可以用数,字符串或元组充当,所以用列表就不行,如下实例:
复制代码 代码如下:
#!/usr/bin/python

dict = {['Name']: 'Zara', 'Age': 7};

print "dict['Name']: ", dict['Name'];
#以上实例输出结果:

#Traceback (most recent call last):
#  File "test.py", line 3, in
#    dict = {['Name']: 'Zara', 'Age': 7};
#TypeError: list objects are unhashable


六、字典内置函数&方法
Python字典包含了以下内置函数:
1、cmp(dict1, dict2):比较两个字典元素。
2、len(dict):计算字典元素个数,即键的总数。
3、str(dict):输出字典可打印的字符串表示。
4、type(variable):返回输入的变量类型,如果变量是字典就返回字典类型。

Python字典包含了以下内置方法:
1、radiansdict.clear():删除字典内所有元素
2、radiansdict.copy():返回一个字典的浅复制
3、radiansdict.fromkeys():创建一个新字典,以序列seq中元素做字典的键,val为字典所有键对应的初始值
4、radiansdict.get(key, default=None):返回指定键的值,如果值不在字典中返回default值
5、radiansdict.has_key(key):如果键在字典dict里返回true,否则返回false
6、radiansdict.items():以列表返回可遍历的(键, 值) 元组数组
7、radiansdict.keys():以列表返回一个字典所有的键
8、radiansdict.setdefault(key, default=None):和get()类似, 但如果键不已经存在于字典中,将会添加键并将值设为default
9、radiansdict.update(dict2):把字典dict2的键/值对更新到dict里
10、radiansdict.values():以列表返回字典中的所有值

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