Python程序设计入门(5)类的使用简介
一、类的定义和使用
python定义一个类的基本语法是:
[def __init__(self, [agv1,agv2...]):] # 定义构造函数
def method1(self, [agv1,agv2...]): # 成员函数
使用时用:
对象实例名 = 类名(参数列表)
对象实例名.成员函数名(参数列表)
和其它语言不同之处是:
(1) python没有new关键字
(2) 成员函数必须带有 self 参数(它相当于传统语言里的 this )
(3) 成员变量不需要显式定义,不过为了方便起见,大多数人还是会在构造函数里定义,以免过于莫名其妙。
例:
class mycls:
def __init__(self, vl, vr):
self.l = vl
self.r = vr
def show_me(self):
print x.l, x.r
x = mycls(3, 15)
x.show_me()
二、高级应用
1、成员函数类型变量
python 可以直接把一个成员函数作为一个变量,就上面的类而言,可以这样:
myx = x.show_me()
print 'I am a copy!\n'
myx
2、继承和多继承
要继承其它类,定义时指定要继承的基类即可
class classname([基类一,基类二...]):
3、私有成员
python实际上并没有私有成员的概念,不过如果把变量名定义为 ___var (三个下划线)这样系统会自动把名称改为 _classname___var,
这个值可以用 self.___var 读取(因为会一起替换),但在外部是无法用 obj.___var 读取的。
如:
def __init__(self):
self.___aaa = 'I am a python!'
def test_func(self):
print self.___aaa
#这种方法能输出正确结果
x = test_cls()
x.test_func()
#下面这种方法会报错!
x = test_cls()
print x.___aaa
三、迭代器 和 发生器
在 python 中,很多东西都是可以用 for 来遍历的,实际是这个东西的实现是通过迭代器或发生器来实现的
1、迭代器
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.index = len(data)
def __iter__(self):
return self
def next(self):
if self.index == 0:
raise StopIteration
self.index = self.index - 1
return self.data[self.index]
#应用
for cin Reverse('spam'):
print c
这里的重点是 __iter__ 和 next 两个函数,使用 next 时,用 raise StopIteration 指定遍历结束。
2、发生器
发生器实际是用单独一个函数实现被遍历的源
在发生器函数中, 用 yield varname 返回每次被遍历的元素即可:
例:
for index in range(len(data)-1, -1, -1):
yield data[index]
for c in reverse('golf'):
print c
至此,python的基本语法也说得差不多了,至于其它一些隐秘的东西,需要大家实际操作去发现了。

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