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PHP 数据库 常见问题小结第1/3页

Jun 13, 2016 pm 12:22 PM
php to use use only common problem database Way yes correct of

如果只有一种 方式使用数据库是正确的……

您可以用很多的方式创建数据库设计、数据库访问和基于数据库的 PHP 业务逻辑代码,但最终一般以错误告终。本文说明了数据库设计和访问数据库的 PHP 代码中出现的五个常见问题,以及在遇到这些问题时如何修复它们。

问题 1:直接使用 MySQL

一个常见问题是较老的 PHP 代码直接使用 mysql_ 函数来访问数据库。清单 1 展示了如何直接访问数据库。

以下为引用的内容:

function get_user_id( $name )
{
$db = mysql_connect( 'localhost', 'root', 'password' );
mysql_select_db( 'users' );

$res = mysql_query( "SELECT id FROM users WHERE login='".$name."'" );
while( $row = mysql_fetch_array( $res ) ) { $id = $row[0]; }

return $id;
}

var_dump( get_user_id( 'jack' ) );
?>

清单 1. Access/get.php
注意使用了 mysql_connect 函数来访问数据库。还要注意查询,其中使用字符串连接来向查询添加 $name 参数。

该技术有两个很好的替代方案:PEAR DB 模块和 PHP Data Objects (PDO) 类。两者都从特定数据库选择提供抽象。因此,您的代码无需太多调整就可以在 IBM® DB2®、MySQL、PostgreSQL 或者您想要连接到的任何其他数据库上运行。

使用 PEAR DB 模块和 PDO 抽象层的另一个价值在于您可以在 SQL 语句中使用 ? 操作符。这样做可使 SQL 更加易于维护,且可使您的应用程序免受 SQL 注入攻击。

使用 PEAR DB 的替代代码如下所示。

以下为引用的内容:

require_once("DB.php");

function get_user_id( $name )
{
$dsn = 'mysql://root:password@localhost/users';
$db =& DB::Connect( $dsn, array() );
if (PEAR::isError($db)) { die($db->getMessage()); }

$res = $db->query( 'SELECT id FROM users WHERE login=?',
array( $name ) );
$id = null;
while( $res->fetchInto( $row ) ) { $id = $row[0]; }

return $id;
}

var_dump( get_user_id( 'jack' ) );
?>

清单 2. Access/get_good.php
注意,所有直接用到 MySQL 的地方都消除了,只有 $dsn 中的数据库连接字符串除外。此外,我们通过 ? 操作符在 SQL 中使用 $name 变量。然后,查询的数据通过 query() 方法末尾的 array 被发送进来。

问题 2:不使用自动增量功能

与大多数现代数据库一样,MySQL 能够在每记录的基础上创建自动增量惟一标识符。除此之外,我们仍然会看到这样的代码,即首先运行一个 SELECT 语句来找到最大的 id,然后将该 id 增 1,并找到一个新记录。清单 3 展示了一个示例坏模式。

复制代码 代码如下:


DROP TABLE IF EXISTS users;
CREATE TABLE users (
id MEDIUMINT,
login TEXT,
password TEXT
);
INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 1, 'jack', 'pass' );
INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 2, 'joan', 'pass' );
INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 1, 'jane', 'pass' );


清单 3. Badid.sql

这里的 id 字段被简单地指定为整数。所以,尽管它应该是惟一的,我们还是可以添加任何值,如 CREATE 语句后面的几个 INSERT 语句中所示。清单 4 展示了将用户添加到这种类型的模式的 PHP 代码。

复制代码 代码如下:


require_once("DB.php");

function add_user( $name, $pass )
{
$rows = array();

$dsn = 'mysql://root:password@localhost/bad_badid';
$db =& DB::Connect( $dsn, array() );
if (PEAR::isError($db)) { die($db->getMessage()); }

$res = $db->query( "SELECT max(id) FROM users" );
$id = null;
while( $res->fetchInto( $row ) ) { $id = $row[0]; }

$id += 1;

$sth = $db->prepare( "INSERT INTO users VALUES(?,?,?)" );
$db->execute( $sth, array( $id, $name, $pass ) );

return $id;
}

$id = add_user( 'jerry', 'pass' );

var_dump( $id );
?>


清单 4. Add_user.php

add_user.php 中的代码首先执行一个查询以找到 id 的最大值。然后文件以 id 值加 1 运行一个 INSERT 语句。该代码在负载很重的服务器上会在竞态条件中失败。另外,它也效率低下。

那么替代方案是什么呢?使用 MySQL 中的自动增量特性来自动地为每个插入创建惟一的 ID。更新后的模式如下所示。

复制代码 代码如下:


DROP TABLE IF EXISTS users;
CREATE TABLE users (
id MEDIUMINT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
login TEXT NOT NULL,
password TEXT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY( id )
);

INSERT INTO users VALUES ( null, 'jack', 'pass' );
INSERT INTO users VALUES ( null, 'joan', 'pass' );
INSERT INTO users VALUES ( null, 'jane', 'pass' );


清单 5. Goodid.php

我们添加了 NOT NULL 标志来指示字段必须不能为空。我们还添加了 AUTO_INCREMENT 标志来指示字段是自动增量的,添加 PRIMARY KEY 标志来指示那个字段是一个 id。这些更改加快了速度。清单 6 展示了更新后的 PHP 代码,即将用户插入表中。

复制代码 代码如下:


require_once("DB.php");

function add_user( $name, $pass )
{
$dsn = 'mysql://root:password@localhost/good_genid';
$db =& DB::Connect( $dsn, array() );
if (PEAR::isError($db)) { die($db->getMessage()); }

$sth = $db->prepare( "INSERT INTO users VALUES(null,?,?)" );
$db->execute( $sth, array( $name, $pass ) );

$res = $db->query( "SELECT last_insert_id()" );
$id = null;
while( $res->fetchInto( $row ) ) { $id = $row[0]; }

return $id;
}

$id = add_user( 'jerry', 'pass' );

var_dump( $id );
?>


清单 6. Add_user_good.php
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