php面向对象全攻略 (十二) 抽象方法和抽象类
抽象方法和抽象类
在OOP 语言中,一个类可以有一个或多个子类,而每个类都有至少一个公有方法做为
外部代码访问其的接口。而抽象方法就是为了方便继承而引入的,我们先来看一下抽象类和
抽象方法的定义再说明它的用途。
什么是抽象方法?我们在类里面定义的没有方法体的方法就是抽象方法,所谓的没有方
法体指的是,在方法声明的时候没有大括号以及其中的内容,而是直接在声明时在方法名后
加上分号结束,另外在声明抽象方法时还要加一个关键字“abstract”来修饰;
例如:
abstract function fun1();
abstract function fun2();
上例是就是“abstract”修饰的没有方法体的抽象方法“fun1()”和“fun2()”,不要忘记
抽象方法后面还要有一个分号;那么什么是抽象类呢?只要一个类里面有一个方法是抽象方
法,那么这个类就要定义为抽象类,抽象类也要使用“abstract”关键字来修饰;在抽象类里
面可以有不是抽象的方法和成员属性,但只要有一个方法是抽象的方法,这个类就必须声明
为抽象类,使用“abstract”来修饰。
例如:
代码片段
复制代码 代码如下:
abstract class Demo{
var $test;
abstract function fun1();
abstract function fun2();
function fun3(){
… .
}
}
上例中定义了一个抽象类“Demo”使用了“abstract”来修饰,在这个类里面定义了一
个成员属性“$test”,和两个抽象方法“fun1”和“fun2”还有一个非抽象的方法fun3();那
么抽象类我们怎么使用呢?最重要的一点就是抽象类不能产生实例对象,所以也不能直接使
用,前面我们多次提到过类不能直接使用,我们使用的是通过类实例化出来的对象,那么抽
象类不能产生实例对象我们声明抽象类有什么用呢?我们是将抽象方法是做为子类重载的模
板使用的,定义抽象类就相当于定义了一种规范,这种规范要求子类去遵守,子类继函抽象
类之后,把抽象类里面的抽象方法按照子类的需要实现。子类必须把父类中的抽象方法全部
都实现,否则子类中还存在抽象方法,那么子类还是抽象类,还是不能实例化对;为什么我
们非要从抽象类中继承呢?因为有的时候我们要实现一些功能就必须从抽象类中继承,否则
这些功能你就实现不了,如果继承了抽象类,就要实现类其中的抽象方法;
代码片段
复制代码 代码如下:
abstract class Demo{
var $test;
abstract function fun1();
abstract function fun2();
function fun3(){
… .
}
}
$demo=new Demo(); //抽象类为能产生实例对象,所以这样做是错的,实例化对象交给子类
class Test extends Demo{
function fun1(){
…
}
function fun2(){
…
}
}
$test=new Test(); //子类可以实例化对象,因为实现了父类中所有抽象方法
?>

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