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PHP中的错误处理、异常处理机制分析

Jun 13, 2016 pm 12:00 PM
fopen php code analyze deal with copy abnormal mechanism mistake

例:

复制代码 代码如下:


$a = fopen('test.txt','r');
//这里并没有对文件进行判断就打开了,如果文件不存在就会报错
?>


那么正确的写法应该如下:

复制代码 代码如下:


if(file_exists('test.txt')){
$f=fopen('test.txt','r');
//使用完后关闭
fclose($f);
}
?>


一、PHP错误处理的三种方式A、简单的die()语句;
等价于exit();
例:

复制代码 代码如下:


if(!file_exists('aa.txt')){
die('文件不存在');
} else {
//执行操作
}
//如果上面die()被触发,那么这里echo接不被执行
echo 'ok';


简洁写法:

复制代码 代码如下:


file_exits('aaa.txt') or die('文件不存在');
echo 'ok';


B、自定义错误和错误触发器

1、错误处理器(自定义错误,一般用于语法错误处理)
创建自定义错误函数(处理器),该函数必须有能力处理至少两个参数(error_level和errormessage),但是可以接受最多五个参数(error_file、error_line、error_context)
语法:

复制代码 代码如下:


function error_function($error_level,$error_message,$error_file,$error_line,$error_context)
//创建好后还需要改写set_error_handler();函数
set_error_handler('error_function',E_WARNING);//这里error_function对应上面创建的自定义处理器名,第二个参数为使用自定义错误处理器的错误级别;


错误报告级别(了解即可)

这些错误报告级别是错误处理程序旨在处理的错误的不同的类型:

常量 描述
2 E_WARNING 非致命的 run-time 错误。不暂停脚本执行。
8 E_NOTICE

Run-time 通知。

脚本发现可能有错误发生,但也可能在脚本正常运行时发生。

256 E_USER_ERROR 致命的用户生成的错误。这类似于程序员使用 PHP 函数 trigger_error() 设置的 E_ERROR。
512 E_USER_WARNING 非致命的用户生成的警告。这类似于程序员使用 PHP 函数 trigger_error() 设置的 E_WARNING。
1024 E_USER_NOTICE 用户生成的通知。这类似于程序员使用 PHP 函数 trigger_error() 设置的 E_NOTICE。
4096 E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR 可捕获的致命错误。类似 E_ERROR,但可被用户定义的处理程序捕获。(参见 set_error_handler())
8191 E_ALL

所有错误和警告,除级别 E_STRICT 以外。

(在 PHP 6.0,E_STRICT 是 E_ALL 的一部分)


2、错误触发器(一般用于处理逻辑上的错误)
需求:比如要接收一个年龄,如果数字大于120,就认为是一个错误
传统方法:

复制代码 代码如下:


if($age>120){
echo '年龄错误';exit();
}


使用触发器:

复制代码 代码如下:


if($age>120){
//trigger_error('错误信息'[,'错误等级']);这里错误等级为可选项,用于定义该错误的级别
//用户定义的级别包含以下三种:E_USER_WARNING 、E_USER_ERROR 、E_USER_NOTICE
trigger_error('年龄错误');//这里是调用的系统默认的错误处理方式,我们也可以用自定义处理器
}
//自定义处理器,与上面相同
function myerror($error_level,$error_message){
echo 'error text';
}
//同时需要改变系统默认的处理函数
set_error_handler('myerror',E_USER_WARNING);//同上面,第一个参数为自定义函数的名称,第二个为错误级别【这里的错误级别通常为以下三种:E_USER_WARNING 、E_USER_ERROR 、E_USER_NOTICE】
//现在再使用trigger_error就可以使用自定义的错误处理函数了


练习题:

复制代码 代码如下:


date_default_timezone_set('PRC');
function myerror($error_level,$error_message){
$info= "错误号:$error_level\n";
$info.= "错误信息:$error_message\n";
$info.= '发生时间:'.date('Y-m-d H:i:s');
$filename='aa.txt';
if(!$fp=fopen($filename,'a')){
'创建文件'.$filename.'失败';
}
if(is_writeable($filename)){
if(!fwrite($fp,$info)){
echo '写入文件失败';
} else {
echo '已成功记录错误信息';
}
fclose($fp);
} else {
echo '文件'.$filename.'不可写';
}
exit();
}
set_error_handler('myerror',E_WARNING);
$fp=fopen('aaa.txt','r');
?>


C、错误日志
默认的根据php.ini中error_log配置,php向服务器的错误记录系统或文件发送错误记录。通过使用error_log()函数可以向文件或远程目的地发送错误记录;
语法:
error_log(error[,type,destination,headers])
type部分一般用3,表示在文件后面追加错误信息,而不会覆盖原内容
destination表示目的地,即存放的文件或远程目的地
如:error_log("$error_info",3,"errors.txt");
二、PHP异常处理【重点】
1、基本语法

复制代码 代码如下:


try{
//可能出现错误或异常的代码
//catch 捕获 Exception是php已定义好的异常类
} catch(Exception $e){
//对异常处理,方法:
//1、自己处理
//2、不处理,将其再次抛出
}


2、处理处理程序应当包括:
Try - 使用异常的函数应该位于 "try" 代码块内。如果没有触发异常,则代码将照常继续执行。但是如果异常被触发,会抛出一个异常。
Throw - 这里规定如何触发异常。每一个 "throw" 必须对应至少一个 "catch"
Catch - "catch" 代码块会捕获异常,并创建一个包含异常信息的对象
让我们触发一个异常:

复制代码 代码如下:


//创建可抛出一个异常的函数
function checkNum($number){
if($number>1){
throw new Exception("Value must be 1 or below");
}
return true;
}
//在 "try" 代码块中触发异常
try{
checkNum(2);
//如果异常被抛出,那么下面一行代码将不会被输出
echo 'If you see this, the number is 1 or below';
}catch(Exception $e){
//捕获异常
echo 'Message: ' .$e->getMessage();
}
?>


上面代码将获得类似这样一个错误:
Message: Value must be 1 or below
例子解释:
上面的代码抛出了一个异常,并捕获了它:
创建 checkNum() 函数。它检测数字是否大于 1。如果是,则抛出一个异常。
在 "try" 代码块中调用 checkNum() 函数。
checkNum() 函数中的异常被抛出
"catch" 代码块接收到该异常,并创建一个包含异常信息的对象 ($e)。
通过从这个 exception 对象调用 $e->getMessage(),输出来自该异常的错误消息
不过,为了遵循“每个 throw 必须对应一个 catch”的原则,可以设置一个顶层的异常处理器来处理漏掉的错误。
set_exception_handler()函数可设置处理所有未捕获异常的用户定义函数

复制代码 代码如下:


//设置一个顶级异常处理器
function myexception($e){
   echo 'this is top exception';
} //修改默认的异常处理器
set_exception_handler("myexception");
try{
  $i=5;
  if($i    throw new exception('$i must greater than 10');
  }
}catch(Exception $e){
  //处理异常
  echo $e->getMessage().'
';
  //不处理异常,继续抛出
  throw new exception('errorinfo'); //也可以用throw $e 保留原错误信息;
}


创建一个自定义的异常类

复制代码 代码如下:


class customException extends Exception{
  public function errorMessage(){
    //error message $errorMsg = 'Error on line '.$this->getLine().' in '.$this->getFile().': '.$this->getMessage().' is not a valid E-Mail address'; return $errorMsg;
  }
}
//使用
try{
  throw new customException('error message');
}catch(customException $e){
  echo $e->errorMsg();
}


可以使用多个catch来返回不同情况下的错误信息

复制代码 代码如下:


try{
  $i=5;
  if($i>0){
    throw new customException('error message');//使用自定义异常类处理
  } if($i    throw new exception('error2');//使用系统默认异常处理
  }
}catch(customException $e){
  echo $e->getMessage();
}catch(Exception $e1){
  echo $e1->getMessage();
}


异常的规则
需要进行异常处理的代码应该放入 try 代码块内,以便捕获潜在的异常。 每个try或throw代码块必须至少拥有一个对应的 catch 代码块。 使用多个 catch 代码块可以捕获不同种类的异常。 可以在try代码内的catch 代码块中再次抛出(re-thrown)异常。 简而言之:如果抛出了异常,就必须捕获它。
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