提高MySQL数据库查询效率的几个技巧[php程序员必看]

MySQL由于它本身的小巧和操作的高效, 在数据库应用中越来越多的被采用.我在开发一个P2P应用的时候曾经使用MySQL来保存P2P节点,由于P2P的应用中,结点数动辄上万个,而且节点变化频繁,因此一定要保持查询和插入的高效.以下是我在使用过程中做的提高效率的三个有效的尝试.

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使用statement进行绑定查询
使用statement可以提前构建查询语法树,在查询时不再需要构建语法树就直接查询.因此可以很好的提高查询的效率. 这个方法适合于查询条件固定但查询非常频繁的场合.
使用方法是:

绑定, 创建一个MYSQL_STMT变量,与对应的查询字符串绑定,字符串中的问号代表要传入的变量,每个问号都必须指定一个变量.
查询, 输入每个指定的变量, 传入MYSQL_STMT变量用可用的连接句柄执行.
代码如下:

//1.绑定
bool CDBManager::BindInsertStmt(MYSQL * connecthandle)
{
       //作插入操作的绑定
       MYSQL_BIND insertbind[FEILD_NUM];
       if(m_stInsertParam == NULL)
              m_stInsertParam = new CHostCacheTable;
       m_stInsertStmt = mysql_stmt_init(connecthandle);
       //构建绑定字符串
       char insertSQL[SQL_LENGTH];
       strcpy(insertSQL, "insert into HostCache(SessionID, ChannelID, ISPType, "
              "ExternalIP, ExternalPort, InternalIP, InternalPort) "
              "values(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)");
       mysql_stmt_prepare(m_stInsertStmt, insertSQL, strlen(insertSQL));
       int param_count= mysql_stmt_param_count(m_stInsertStmt);
       if(param_count != FEILD_NUM)
              return false;
       //填充bind结构数组, m_sInsertParam是这个statement关联的结构变量
       memset(insertbind, 0, sizeof(insertbind));
       insertbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
       insertbind[0].buffer_length = ID_LENGTH /* -1 */;
       insertbind[0].buffer = (char *)m_stInsertParam->sessionid;
       insertbind[0].is_null = 0;
       insertbind[0].length = 0;

       insertbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
       insertbind[1].buffer_length = ID_LENGTH /* -1 */;
       insertbind[1].buffer = (char *)m_stInsertParam->channelid;
       insertbind[1].is_null = 0;
       insertbind[1].length = 0;

       insertbind[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
       insertbind[2].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->ISPtype;
       insertbind[2].is_null = 0;
       insertbind[2].length = 0;

       insertbind[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
       insertbind[3].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->externalIP;
       insertbind[3].is_null = 0;
       insertbind[3].length = 0;

       insertbind[4].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT;
       insertbind[4].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->externalPort;
       insertbind[4].is_null = 0;
       insertbind[4].length = 0;

       insertbind[5].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
       insertbind[5].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->internalIP;
       insertbind[5].is_null = 0;
       insertbind[5].length = 0;

       insertbind[6].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT;
       insertbind[6].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->internalPort;
       insertbind[6].is_null = 0;
       insertbind[6].is_null = 0;
       //绑定
       if (mysql_stmt_bind_param(m_stInsertStmt, insertbind))
              return false;
       return true;
}

//2.查询
bool CDBManager::InsertHostCache2(MYSQL * connecthandle, char * sessionid, char * channelid, int ISPtype,
              unsigned int eIP, unsigned short eport, unsigned int iIP, unsigned short iport)
{
       //填充结构变量m_sInsertParam
       strcpy(m_stInsertParam->sessionid, sessionid);
       strcpy(m_stInsertParam->channelid, channelid);
       m_stInsertParam->ISPtype = ISPtype;
       m_stInsertParam->externalIP = eIP;
       m_stInsertParam->externalPort = eport;
       m_stInsertParam->internalIP = iIP;
       m_stInsertParam->internalPort = iport;
       //执行statement,性能瓶颈处
       if(mysql_stmt_execute(m_stInsertStmt))
              return false;
       return true;
}

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随机的获取记录
在某些数据库的应用中, 我们并不是要获取所有的满足条件的记录,而只是要随机挑选出满足条件的记录. 这种情况常见于数据业务的统计分析,从大容量数据库中获取小量的数据的场合.

有两种方法可以做到
1.       常规方法,首先查询出所有满足条件的记录,然后随机的挑选出部分记录.这种方法在满足条件的记录数很多时效果不理想.
2.       使用limit语法,先获取满足条件的记录条数, 然后在sql查询语句中加入limit来限制只查询满足要求的一段记录. 这种方法虽然要查询两次,但是在数据量大时反而比较高效.
示例代码如下:

//1.常规的方法
//性能瓶颈,10万条记录时,执行查询140ms, 获取结果集500ms,其余可忽略
int CDBManager::QueryHostCache(MYSQL* connecthandle, char * channelid, int ISPtype, CDBManager::CHostCacheTable * &hostcache)
{

       char selectSQL[SQL_LENGTH];
       memset(selectSQL, 0, sizeof(selectSQL));
       sprintf(selectSQL,"select * from HostCache where ChannelID = '%s' and ISPtype = %d", channelid, ISPtype);
       if(mysql_real_query(connecthandle, selectSQL, strlen(selectSQL)) != 0)   //检索
              return 0;
       //获取结果集
       m_pResultSet = mysql_store_result(connecthandle);
       if(!m_pResultSet)   //获取结果集出错
              return 0;
       int iAllNumRows = (int)(mysql_num_rows(m_pResultSet));      ///       //计算待返回的结果数
       int iReturnNumRows = (iAllNumRows        if(iReturnNumRows        {
              //获取逐条记录
              for(int i = 0; i              {
                     //获取逐个字段
                     m_Row = mysql_fetch_row(m_pResultSet);
                     if(m_Row[0] != NULL)
                            strcpy(hostcache.sessionid, m_Row[0]);
                     if(m_Row[1] != NULL)
                            strcpy(hostcache.channelid, m_Row[1]);
                     if(m_Row[2] != NULL)
                            hostcache.ISPtype      = atoi(m_Row[2]);
                     if(m_Row[3] != NULL)
                            hostcache.externalIP   = atoi(m_Row[3]);
                     if(m_Row[4] != NULL)
                            hostcache.externalPort = atoi(m_Row[4]);
                     if(m_Row[5] != NULL)
                            hostcache.internalIP   = atoi(m_Row[5]);
                     if(m_Row[6] != NULL)
                            hostcache.internalPort = atoi(m_Row[6]);             
              }
       }
       else
       {
              //随机的挑选指定条记录返回
              int iRemainder = iAllNumRows%iReturnNumRows;    ///              int iQuotient = iAllNumRows/iReturnNumRows;      ///              int iStartIndex = rand()%(iRemainder + 1);         ///

              //获取逐条记录
        for(int iSelectedIndex = 0; iSelectedIndex         {
                            mysql_data_seek(m_pResultSet, iStartIndex + iQuotient * iSelectedIndex);
                            m_Row = mysql_fetch_row(m_pResultSet);
                  if(m_Row[0] != NULL)
                       strcpy(hostcache[iSelectedIndex].sessionid, m_Row[0]);
                   if(m_Row[1] != NULL)
                                   strcpy(hostcache[iSelectedIndex].channelid, m_Row[1]);
                   if(m_Row[2] != NULL)
                       hostcache[iSelectedIndex].ISPtype      = atoi(m_Row[2]);
                   if(m_Row[3] != NULL)
                       hostcache[iSelectedIndex].externalIP   = atoi(m_Row[3]);
                    if(m_Row[4] != NULL)
                       hostcache[iSelectedIndex].externalPort = atoi(m_Row[4]);
                   if(m_Row[5] != NULL)
                       hostcache[iSelectedIndex].internalIP   = atoi(m_Row[5]);
                   if(m_Row[6] != NULL)
                       hostcache[iSelectedIndex].internalPort = atoi(m_Row[6]);
        }
      }
       //释放结果集内容
       mysql_free_result(m_pResultSet);
       return iReturnNumRows;
}

//2.使用limit版
int CDBManager::QueryHostCache(MYSQL * connecthandle, char * channelid, unsigned int myexternalip, int ISPtype, CHostCacheTable * hostcache)
{
       //首先获取满足结果的记录条数,再使用limit随机选择指定条记录返回
       MYSQL_ROW row;
       MYSQL_RES * pResultSet;
       char selectSQL[SQL_LENGTH];
       memset(selectSQL, 0, sizeof(selectSQL));

       sprintf(selectSQL,"select count(*) from HostCache where ChannelID = '%s' and ISPtype = %d", channelid, ISPtype);
       if(mysql_real_query(connecthandle, selectSQL, strlen(selectSQL)) != 0)   //检索
              return 0;
       pResultSet = mysql_store_result(connecthandle);
       if(!pResultSet)      
              return 0;
       row = mysql_fetch_row(pResultSet);
       int iAllNumRows = atoi(row[0]);
       mysql_free_result(pResultSet);
       //计算待取记录的上下范围
       int iLimitLower = (iAllNumRows               0:(rand()%(iAllNumRows - RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM));
       int iLimitUpper = (iAllNumRows               iAllNumRows:(iLimitLower + RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM);
       //计算待返回的结果数
       int iReturnNumRows = (iAllNumRows                iAllNumRows:RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM;

       //使用limit作查询
       sprintf(selectSQL,"select SessionID, ExternalIP, ExternalPort, InternalIP, InternalPort "
              "from HostCache where ChannelID = '%s' and ISPtype = %d limit %d, %d"
              , channelid, ISPtype, iLimitLower, iLimitUpper);
       if(mysql_real_query(connecthandle, selectSQL, strlen(selectSQL)) != 0)   //检索
              return 0;
       pResultSet = mysql_store_result(connecthandle);
       if(!pResultSet)
              return 0;
       //获取逐条记录
       for(int i = 0; i       {
              //获取逐个字段
              row = mysql_fetch_row(pResultSet);
              if(row[0] != NULL)
                     strcpy(hostcache.sessionid, row[0]);
              if(row[1] != NULL)
                     hostcache.externalIP   = atoi(row[1]);
              if(row[2] != NULL)
                     hostcache.externalPort = atoi(row[2]);
              if(row[3] != NULL)
                     hostcache.internalIP   = atoi(row[3]);
              if(row[4] != NULL)
                     hostcache.internalPort = atoi(row[4]);            
       }
       //释放结果集内容
       mysql_free_result(pResultSet);
       return iReturnNumRows;
}

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使用连接池管理连接.
在有大量节点访问的数据库设计中,经常要使用到连接池来管理所有的连接.
一般方法是:建立两个连接句柄队列,空闲的等待使用的队列和正在使用的队列.
当要查询时先从空闲队列中获取一个句柄,插入到正在使用的队列,再用这个句柄做数据库操作,完毕后一定要从使用队列中删除,再插入到空闲队列.
设计代码如下:

//定义句柄队列
typedef std::list CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST;
typedef std::list::iterator CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST_IT;

//连接数据库的参数结构
class CDBParameter

{
public:
       char *host;                                 ///       char *user;                                 ///       char *password;                         ///       char *database;                           ///       unsigned int port;                 ///       const char *unix_socket;      ///       unsigned int client_flag; ///};

//创建两个队列
CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST m_lsBusyList;                ///CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST m_lsIdleList;                  ///

//所有的连接句柄先连上数据库,加入到空闲队列中,等待使用.
bool CDBManager::Connect(char * host /* = "localhost" */, char * user /* = "chenmin" */,
                                           char * password /* = "chenmin" */, char * database /* = "HostCache" */)
{
       CDBParameter * lpDBParam = new CDBParameter();
       lpDBParam->host = host;
       lpDBParam->user = user;
       lpDBParam->password = password;
       lpDBParam->database = database;
       lpDBParam->port = 0;
       lpDBParam->unix_socket = NULL;
       lpDBParam->client_flag = 0;
       try
       {
              //连接
              for(int index = 0; index               {
                     MYSQL * pConnectHandle = mysql_init((MYSQL*) 0);     //初始化连接句柄
                     if(!mysql_real_connect(pConnectHandle, lpDBParam->host, lpDBParam->user, lpDBParam->password,
       lpDBParam->database,lpDBParam->port,lpDBParam->unix_socket,lpDBParam->client_fla))
                            return false;
//加入到空闲队列中
                     m_lsIdleList.push_back(pConnectHandle);
              }
       }
       catch(...)
       {
              return false;
       }
       return true;
}

//提取一个空闲句柄供使用
MYSQL * CDBManager::GetIdleConnectHandle()
{
       MYSQL * pConnectHandle = NULL;
       m_ListMutex.acquire();
       if(m_lsIdleList.size())
       {
              pConnectHandle = m_lsIdleList.front();      
              m_lsIdleList.pop_front();
              m_lsBusyList.push_back(pConnectHandle);
       }
       else //特殊情况,闲队列中为空,返回为空
       {
              pConnectHandle = 0;
       }
       m_ListMutex.release();

       return pConnectHandle;
}

//从使用队列中释放一个使用完毕的句柄,插入到空闲队列
void CDBManager::SetIdleConnectHandle(MYSQL * connecthandle)
{
       m_ListMutex.acquire();
       m_lsBusyList.remove(connecthandle);
       m_lsIdleList.push_back(connecthandle);
       m_ListMutex.release();
}
//使用示例,首先获取空闲句柄,利用这个句柄做真正的操作,然后再插回到空闲队列
bool CDBManager::DeleteHostCacheBySessionID(char * sessionid)
{
       MYSQL * pConnectHandle = GetIdleConnectHandle();
       if(!pConnectHandle)
              return 0;
       bool bRet = DeleteHostCacheBySessionID(pConnectHandle, sessionid);
       SetIdleConnectHandle(pConnectHandle);
       return bRet;
}
//传入空闲的句柄,做真正的删除操作
bool CDBManager::DeleteHostCacheBySessionID(MYSQL * connecthandle, char * sessionid)
{
       char deleteSQL[SQL_LENGTH];
       memset(deleteSQL, 0, sizeof(deleteSQL));
       sprintf(deleteSQL,"delete from HostCache where SessionID = '%s'", sessionid);
       if(mysql_query(connecthandle,deleteSQL) != 0) //删除
              return false;
       return true;
}