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概述PHP命令行shell_exec()使用

Jun 13, 2016 am 11:05 AM
exec php shell learn use develop Command Line Multi-user I Overview

PHP经过长时间的发展,很多用户都很了解PHP了,这里我发表一下个人理解,和大家讨论讨论PHP命令行。PHP Command Line Interface (CLI) Server Application Programming Interface (SAPI) 在 PHP V4.2.0 开始发布,用于试验目的。到 V4.3.0 时,已经受到完整支持并且默认启用。

PHP CLI SAPI 允许您开发 PHP 支持的 shell 脚本,甚至是基于桌面的脚本。事实上,可以用PHP命令行运行的工具。采用这种方式,PHP 开发人员可以像 Perl、AWK、Ruby 或 shell 程序员一样高效。本文探究构建到 PHP 中的工具,让您了解 PHP 运行的底层 shell 环境和文件系统。PHP 为执行外部命令提供大量函数,其中包括 shell_exec()、exec()、passthru() 和 system()。这些命令是相似的,但为您运行的外部程序提供不同的界面。所有这些命令都衍生一个子进程,用于运行您指定的命令或脚本,并且每个子进程会在命令输出写到标准输出 (stdout) 时捕捉它们。
<ol class="dp-xml"><li class="alt"><span><span>shell_exec() </span></span></li></ol>
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shell_exec() 命令行实际上仅是反撇号 (`) 操作符的变体。如果您编写过 shell 或 Perl 脚本,您就知道可以在反撇号操作符内部捕捉其他命令的输出。例如,清单 1 显示了如何使用反撇号在当前目录中获取每个文本(.txt)的单词计数。

PHP命令行概述

清单 1. 使用反撇号计算单词数量

<ol class="dp-xml">
<li class="alt"><span><span>#! /bin/sh  </span></span></li>
<li class="">
<span></span><span class="attribute"><font color="#ff0000">number_of_words</font></span><span>=`wc -w *.txt`  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>echo $number_of_words  </span></li>
<li class=""><span> </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>#result would be something like:  </span></li>
<li class=""><span>#165 readme.txt 388 results.txt 588 summary.txt  </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>#and so on....  </span></li>
</ol>
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在您的 PHP 脚本中,您可以在 shell_exec() 中运行这个简单的命令,如清单 2 所示,并获取想要的结果。这里假设在同一个目录下有一些文本文件。

清单 2. 在 shell_exec() 中运行相同的命令

<ol class="dp-xml">
<li class="alt"><span><strong><font color="#006699"><span class="tag"></span><span class="tag-name">php</span></font></strong><span> </span></span></li>
<li class="">
<span>$</span><span class="attribute"><font color="#ff0000">results</font></span><span> = </span><span class="attribute-value"><font color="#0000ff">shell_exec</font></span><span>('wc -w *.txt');  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>echo $results;  </span></li>
<li class="">
<span></span><span class="tag"><strong><font color="#006699">?></font></strong></span><span> </span>
</li>
</ol>
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注意,仅使用后撇号操作符也会得到相同的结果,如下所示。

清单 3. 仅使用后撇号操作符

<ol class="dp-xml">
<li class="alt"><span><strong><font color="#006699"><span class="tag"></span><span class="tag-name">php</span></font></strong><span> </span></span></li>
<li class="">
<span>$</span><span class="attribute"><font color="#ff0000">results</font></span><span> = `wc -w *.txt`;  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>echo $results;  </span></li>
<li class="">
<span></span><span class="tag"><strong><font color="#006699">?></font></strong></span><span> </span>
</li>
</ol>
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清单 4. 更加简单的方法

<ol class="dp-xml">
<li class="alt"><span><strong><font color="#006699"><span class="tag"></span><span class="tag-name">php</span></font></strong><span> </span></span></li>
<li class=""><span>echo `wc -w *.txt`;  </span></li>
<li class="alt">
<span></span><span class="tag"><strong><font color="#006699">?></font></strong></span><span> </span>
</li>
</ol>
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通过 UNIX 命令行和 shell 脚本能够完成很多东西,知道这点很重要。例如,您可以使用竖线将命令连接起来。您甚至可以使用操作符在其中创建 shell 脚本,并且仅调用 shell 脚本(根据需要使用或不使用参数)。例如,如果您仅希望计算该目录下的前 5 个文本文件的单词数,那么可以使用竖线 (|) 将 wc 和 head 命令连接起来。另外,您还可以将输出结果放到 pre 标记内部,让它能够更美观地呈现在 Web 浏览器中,如下所示。

清单 5. 更加复杂的 shell 命令

<ol class="dp-xml">
<li class="alt"><span><strong><font color="#006699"><span class="tag"></span><span class="tag-name">php</span></font></strong><span> </span></span></li>
<li class="">
<span>$</span><span class="attribute"><font color="#ff0000">results</font></span><span> = </span><span class="attribute-value"><font color="#0000ff">shell_exec</font></span><span>('wc -w *.txt | head -5');  </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span>echo "</span><strong><font color="#006699"><span class="tag"><span class="tag-name">pre</span><span class="tag">></span></span></font></strong><span>".$results . "</span><strong><font color="#006699"><span class="tag"></span><span class="tag-name">pre</span><span class="tag">></span></font></strong><span>";  </span>
</li>
<li class="">
<span></span><span class="tag"><strong><font color="#006699">?></font></strong></span><span> </span>
</li>
</ol>
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在本文的后面部分,您将学习如何使用 PHP 为这些脚本传递参数。现在您可以将它看作运行 shell 命令的一种方法,但要记住您只能看到标准输出。如果命令或脚本出现错误,您将看不到标准的错误 (stderr),除非您通过竖线将它添加到 stdout。


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