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浅析PHP正则表达式匹配的特定实现

Jun 13, 2016 am 11:03 AM
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PHP正则表达式匹配的特定实现是什么呢?其实我们知道,在实际的匹配操作的过程中我们操作的不仅仅是单个的字母或是数字,那么我们面对像单词的或是一组数字的时候该如何处理呢?

PHP正则表达式匹配的特定实现会使用到PHP正则表达式内置通用字符簇,都有那些PHP正则表达式内置通用字符集呢?

PHP正则表达式内置通用字符集及含义:

<ol class="dp-c">
<li class="alt"><span><span>[[:alpha:]] </span><span class="comment">//任何字母  </span><span> </span></span></li>
<li>
<span>[[:digit:]] </span><span class="comment">//任何数字  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span>[[:alnum:]] </span><span class="comment">//任何字母和数字  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li>
<span>[[:space:]] </span><span class="comment">//任何白字符  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span>[[:upper:]] </span><span class="comment">//任何大写字母  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li>
<span>[[:lower:]] </span><span class="comment">//任何小写字母  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span>[[:punct:]] </span><span class="comment">//任何标点符号  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li>
<span>[[:xdigit:]] </span><span class="comment">//任何16进制的数字,相当于[0-9a-fA-F] </span><span> </span>
</li>
</ol>
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PHP正则表达式匹配的分析:

到现在为止,你已经知道如何去匹配一个字母或数字,但更多的情况下,可能要匹配一个单词或一组数字。一个单词有若干个字母组成,一组数字有若干个单数组成。跟在字符或字符簇后面的花括号({})用来确定前面的内容的重复出现的次数。

使用到的PHP正则表达式字符集及含义

<ol class="dp-c">
<li class="alt"><span><span>^[a-zA-Z_]$ </span><span class="comment">//所有的字母和下划线  </span><span> </span></span></li>
<li>
<span>^[[:alpha:]]{3}$ </span><span class="comment">//所有的3个字母的单词  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span>^a$ </span><span class="comment">//字母a  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li>
<span>^a{4}$ </span><span class="comment">//aaaa  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span>^a{2,4}$ </span><span class="comment">//aa,aaa或aaaa  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li>
<span>^a{1,3}$ </span><span class="comment">//a,aa或aaa  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span>^a{2,}$ </span><span class="comment">//包含多于两个a的字符串  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li>
<span>^a{2,} </span><span class="comment">//如:aardvark和aaab,但apple不行  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span>a{2,} </span><span class="comment">//如:baad和aaa,但Nantucket不行  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li>
<span>t{2} </span><span class="comment">//两个制表符  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span>.{2} </span><span class="comment">//所有的两个字符 </span><span> </span>
</li>
</ol>
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这些例子描述了花括号的三种不同的用法。一个数字,{x}的意思是“前面的字符或字符簇只出现x次”;一个数字加逗号,{x,}的意思是“前面的内容出现x或更多的次数”;两个用逗号分隔的数字,{x,y}表示“前面的内容至少出现x次,但不超过y次”。我们可以把模式扩展到更多的单词或数字:

<ol class="dp-c">
<li class="alt"><span><span>^[a-zA-Z0-9_]{1,}$ </span><span class="comment">//所有包含一个以上的字母、数字或下划线的字符串  </span><span> </span></span></li>
<li>
<span>^[0-9]{1,}$ </span><span class="comment">//所有的正数  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span>^-{0,1}[0-9]{1,}$ </span><span class="comment">//所有的整数  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li>
<span>^-{0,1}[0-9]{0,}.{0,1}[0-9]{0,}$ </span><span class="comment">//所有的小数 </span><span> </span>
</li>
</ol>
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最后一个例子不太好理解,是吗?这么看吧:与所有以一个可选的负号(-{0,1})开头(^)、跟着0个或更多的数字([0-9]{0,})、和一个可选的小数点(.{0,1})再跟上0个或多个数字([0-9]{0,}),并且没有其他任何东西($)。下面你将知道能够使用的更为简单的方法。

特殊字符"?"与{0,1}是相等的,它们都代表着:“0个或1个前面的内容”或“前面的内容是可选的”。所以刚才的例子可以简化为:

<ol class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span>^-?[0-9]{0,}.?[0-9]{0,}$  </span></span></li></ol>
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特殊字符"*"与{0,}是相等的,它们都代表着“0个或多个前面的内容”。最后,字符"+"与 {1,}是相等的,表示“1个或多个前面的内容”,所以上面的4个例子可以写成:

<ol class="dp-c">
<li class="alt"><span><span>^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$   </span></span></li>
<li>
<span class="comment">//所有包含一个以上的字母、数字或下划线的字符串  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span>^[0-9]+$ </span><span class="comment">//所有的正数  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li>
<span>^-?[0-9]+$ </span><span class="comment">//所有的整数  </span><span> </span>
</li>
<li class="alt">
<span>^-?[0-9]*.?[0-9]*$ </span><span class="comment">//所有的小数 </span><span> </span>
</li>
</ol>
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当然这并不能从技术上降低正则表达式的复杂性,但可以使它们更容易阅读。

PHP正则表达式匹配的特定实现就向你介绍到这里,希望对你了解和学习PHP正则表达式匹配的特定实现有所帮助。


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