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教你在PHP中使用全局变量

Jun 13, 2016 am 11:02 AM
php use overall situation variable Large develop of program

即使开发一个新的大型PHP程序,你也不可避免的要使用到全局数据,因为有些数据是需要用到你的代码的不同部分的。一些常见的全局数据有:程序设定类、数据库连接类、用户资料等等。有很多方法能够使这些数据成为全局数据,其中最常用的就是使用“global”关键字申明,稍后在文章中我们会具体的讲解到。

使用“global”关键字来申明全局数据的唯一缺点就是它事实上是一种非常差的编程方式,而且经常在其后导致程序中出现更大的问题,因为全局数据把你代码中原本单独的代码段都联系在一起了,这样的后果就是如果你改变其中的某一部分代码,可能就会导致其他部分出错。所以如果你的代码中有很多全局的变量,那么你的整个程序必然是难以维护的。

本文将展示如何通过不同的技术或者设计模式来防止这种全局变量问题。当然,首先让我们看看如何使用“global”关键字来进行全局数据以及它是如何工作的。使用全局变量和“global”关键字

PHP默认定义了一些“超级全局(Superglobals)”变量,这些变量自动全局化,而且能够在程序的任何地方中调用,比如$_GET和$_REQUEST等等。它们通常都来自数据或者其他外部数据,使用这些变量通常是不会产生问题的,因为他们基本上是不可写的。

但是你可以使用你自己的全局变量。使用关键字“global”你就可以把全局数据导入到一个函数的局部范围内。如果你不明白“变量使用范围”,请你自己参考PHP手册上的相关说明。

下面是一个使用“global”关键字的演示例子:

以下为引用的内容:

<?php $my_var = 'Hello World'; test_global(); function test_global() {     // Now in local scope     // the $my_var variable doesn't exist     // Produces error: "Undefined variable: my_var"     echo $my_var;     // Now let's important the variable     global $my_var;     // Works:     echo $my_var; } ?>  
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正如你在上面的例子中看到的一样,“global”关键字是用来导入全局变量的。看起来它工作的很好,而且很简单,那么为什么我们还要担心使用“global”关键字来定义全局数据呢?

下面是三个很好的理由:

1、  代码重用几乎是不可能的

如果一个函数依赖于全局变量,那么想在不同的环境中使用这个函数几乎是不可能的。另外一个问题就是你不能提取出这个函数,然后在其他的代码中使用。

2、  调试并解决问题是非常困难的

跟踪一个全局变量比跟踪一个非全局变量困难的多。一个全局变量可能会在一些不明显的包含文件中被重新定义,即使你有一个非常好的程序编辑器(或者IDE)来帮助你,你也得花了几个小时才能发现这个问题所在。

3、  理解这些代码将是非常难的事情

你很难弄清楚一个全局变量是从哪里来得,它是用来做什么的。在开发的过程中,你可能会知道知道每一个全局变量,但大概一年之后,你可能会忘记其中至少一般的全局变量,这个时候你会为自己使用那么多全局变量而懊悔不已。
那么如果我们不使用全局变量,我们该使用什么呢?下面让我们看看一些解决方案。

使用函数参数

停止使用全局变量的一种方法就是简单的把变量作为函数的参数传递过去,如同下面所示:

以下为引用的内容:

<?php $var = 'Hello World'; test ($var); function test($var) {     echo $var; } ?> 
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如果你仅仅只需要传递一个全局变量,那么这是一种非常优秀甚至可以说是杰出的解决方案,但是如果你要传递很多个值,那该怎么办呢?

比如说,假如我们要使用一个数据库类,一个程序设置类和一个用户类。在我们代码中,这三个类在所有组件中都要用到,所以必须传递给每一个组件。如果我们使用函数参数的方法,我们不得不这样:

以下为引用的内容:

<?php $db = new DBConnection; $settings = new Settings_XML; $user = new User; test($db, $settings, $user); function test(&$db, &$settings, &$user) {     // Do something } ?>  
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显然,这是不值得的,而且一旦我们有新的对象需要加入,我们不得不为每一个函数增加多一个函数参数。因此我们需要用采用另外一种方式来解决。


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