确保PHP应用程序安全的四条规则(1)
规则 1:绝不要信任外部数据或输入
关于 Web 应用程序安全性,必须认识到的第一件事是不应该信任外部数据。外部数据(outside data) 包括不是由程序员在 PHP 代码中直接输入的任何数据。在采取措施确保安全之前,来自任何其他来源(比如 GET 变量、表单 POST、数据库、配置文件、会话变量或 cookie)的任何数据都是不可信任的。
例如,下面的数据元素可以被认为是安全的,因为它们是在 PHP 中设置的。
清单 1. 安全无暇的代码
<?php$myUsername = 'tmyer';$arrayUsers = array('tmyer', 'tom', 'tommy');define("GREETING", 'hello there' . $myUsername);?> Copy after login |
但是,下面的数据元素都是有瑕疵的。
清单 2. 不安全、有瑕疵的代码
<?php$myUsername = $_POST['username']; $arrayUsers = array($myUsername, 'tom', 'tommy'); define("GREETING", 'hello there' . $myUsername); ?> Copy after login |
为什么第一个变量 $myUsername 是有瑕疵的?因为它直接来自表单 POST。用户可以在这个输入域中输入任何字符串,包括用来清除文件或运行以前上传的文件的恶意命令。您可能会问,“难道不能使用只接受字母 A-Z 的客户端(Javascrīpt)表单检验脚本来避免这种危险吗?”是的,这总是一个有好处的步骤,但是正如在后面会看到的,
任何人都可以将任何表单下载 到自己的机器上,修改它,然后重新提交他们需要的任何内容。
解决方案很简单:必须对 $_POST['username'] 运行清理代码。如果不这么做,那么在使用 $myUsername 的任何其他时候(比如在数组或常量中),就可能污染这些对象。
对用户输入进行清理的一个简单方法是,使用正则表达式来处理它。在这个示例中,只希望接受字母。将字符串限制为特定数量的字符,或者要求所有字母都是小写的,这可能也是个好主意。
清单 3. 使用户输入变得安全
<?PHP$myUsername = cleanInput($_POST['username']); //clean!$arrayUsers = array($myUsername, 'tom', 'tommy'); //clean!define("GREETING", 'hello there' . $myUsername); //clean!function cleanInput($input){ $clean = strtolower($input); $clean = preg_replace("/[^a-z]/", "", $clean); $clean = substr($clean,0,12); return $clean;}?> Copy after login |
规则 2:禁用那些使安全性难以实施的 PHP 设置
已经知道了不能信任用户输入,还应该知道不应该信任机器上配置 PHP 的方式。例如,要确保禁用 register_globals。如果启用了 register_globals,就可能做一些粗心的事情,比如使用 $variable 替换同名的 GET 或 POST 字符串。通过禁用这个设置,PHP 强迫您在正确的名称空间中引用正确的变量。要使用来自表单 POST 的变量,应该引用 $_POST['variable']。这样就不会将这个特定变量误会成 cookie、会话或 GET 变量。
规则 3:如果不能理解它,就不能保护它
一些开发人员使用奇怪的语法,或者将语句组织得很紧凑,形成简短但是含义模糊的代码。这种方式可能效率高,但是如果您不理解代码正在做什么,那么就无法决定如何保护它。
例如,您喜欢下面两段代码中的哪一段?
清单 4. 使代码容易得到保护
<?PHP //obfuscated code$input = (isset($_POST['username']) ? $_POST['username']:'');//unobfuscated code$input = '';if (isset($_POST['username'])){ $input = $_POST['username'];}else{ $input = '';}?> Copy after login |
在第二个比较清晰的代码段中,很容易看出 $input 是有瑕疵的,需要进行清理,然后才能安全地处理。
规则 4:“纵深防御” 是新的法宝
本教程将用示例来说明如何保护在线表单,同时在处理表单的 PHP 代码中采用必要的措施。同样,即使使用 PHP regex 来确保 GET 变量完全是数字的,仍然可以采取措施确保 SQL 查询使用转义的用户输入。
纵深防御不只是一种好思想,它可以确保您不会陷入严重的麻烦。
既然已经讨论了基本规则,现在就来研究第一种
威胁:SQL 注入攻击。
防止 SQL 注入攻击
在 SQL 注入攻击 中,用户通过操纵表单或 GET 查询字符串,将信息添加到数据库查询中。例如,假设有一个简单的登录数据库。这个数据库中的每个记录都有一个用户名字段和一个密码字段。构建一个登录表单,让用户能够登录。
清单 5. 简单的登录表单
<html><head><title>Login</title></head><body><form action="verify.PHP" method="post"><p><label for='user'>Username</label><input type='text' name='user' id='user'/></p><p><label for='pw'>Password</label><input type='password' name='pw' id='pw'/></p><p><input type='submit' value='login'/></p></form></body></html> Copy after login |
这个表单接受用户输入的用户名和密码,并将用户输入提交给名为 verify.php 的文件。在这个文件中,PHP 处理来自登录表单的数据,如下所示:
1

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