Common HTML and CSS Interview Questions and Answers
1. Understanding Semantic and Empty HTML Elements
Semantic HTML elements enhance web page structure and SEO. They provide meaning to the content, improving both browser interpretation and code readability. Examples include <header>, <footer>, <article>, <section>, <nav>, <aside>, and <main>.
Empty elements (also called void elements) contain no content between opening and closing tags. They control page layout efficiently. Examples include <img>, <br>, <hr>, <meta>, <link>, and <source>.
2. div vs. span in HTML
The <div> element is a block-level element, creating distinct blocks or sections within a webpage's layout. It's foundational for page structure, often containing paragraphs, images, and other elements. It's also frequently styled with CSS.
The <span> element is an inline element, used to style specific portions of text within a line. Unlike <div>, it doesn't create a line break. It's primarily used with CSS to apply styles to parts of text, such as changing font or color.
3. GET vs. POST in HTML Forms
Both GET and POST methods send data to a server. GET appends data to the URL, limiting the data size (typically 2048 characters) and potentially exposing sensitive information. Browsers and servers often cache GET requests.
POST sends data separately from the URL, enhancing security, especially for sensitive data like login credentials. Each POST submission creates a unique URL, preventing bookmarking.
4. Local Storage vs. Session Storage
Local storage persists data in the user's browser, even after closing and reopening the browser. It's stored as key-value pairs, specific to a website domain.
Session storage is similar but temporary; data is cleared when the browser tab or window is closed. It's also domain-specific.
5. The Z-index Property in CSS
The z-index property controls the stacking order of overlapping HTML elements. Elements with higher z-index values appear on top of elements with lower values. This is crucial for managing visual layering in complex web designs.
6. Optimizing CSS Loading
Optimize CSS loading by:
- Placing critical CSS in the
<head>section. - Minifying and compressing CSS files to reduce their size.
- Splitting large CSS files into smaller, manageable modules, and lazy-loading non-critical stylesheets.
7. The CSS Box Model
The CSS box model is a fundamental concept defining how elements are rendered on a page. Each element is treated as a rectangular box with four main components: content (the element's actual content), padding (space between the content and border), border (the element's border), and margin (space between the element's border and other elements). These properties control an element's size and spacing.
8. CSS Pseudo-classes and Pseudo-elements
Pseudo-classes modify selectors based on the element's state (e.g., :hover, :active, :visited, :focus). They are added to a selector using a colon (:) before the pseudo-class name.
Pseudo-elements style specific parts of an element without requiring extra HTML (e.g., ::before, ::after). They use a double colon (::) before the pseudo-element name.
9. CSS Sprites
CSS sprites combine multiple images into a single image file. This reduces the number of HTTP requests, improving page load times and performance. Individual images are then selected using CSS background-position to display the correct part of the sprite.
10. CSS Media Queries
Media queries allow developers to apply different styles based on the device's characteristics (screen size, orientation, resolution, etc.). This enables responsive web design, adapting the layout and appearance of a website to different screen sizes and devices.
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