Why do C and Java's Integers Have Different Ranges Despite Using 32 Bits?

Understanding Integer Range Differences in C and Java

While both C and Java specify a 32-bit representation for their integer data types, variations exist in their actual ranges due to fundamental differences in data handling.

C's Machine-Dependent Integer Representation

In C, the integer's size and range are not explicitly defined by the language, allowing for machine-dependent variations. Traditionally, on 32-bit machines, integers occupy 32 bits, resulting in a range of (-2³¹) to (2³¹-1), covering a spectrum from -32,768 to 32,767, as specified.

Java's Standardized Integer Representation

In contrast, Java's Java Language Specification strictly defines its integer data types. The 32-bit integer (known as "long" in Java) consistently ranges from (-2³¹) to (2³¹-1), covering the same numerical interval as in C.

Reason for Range Disparity

The key distinction between C and Java lies in the way they allocate bits. C allows its compiler and underlying hardware to determine integer representations, potentially yielding varying sizes and ranges across different systems. Java, on the other hand, enforces a standardized 32-bit size regardless of the platform it runs on, ensuring consistent integer behavior.

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