Can You Specialize Every Template in the `std` Namespace?
Specialized Templates in the std Namespace
Users can add explicit specializations to the std namespace, but certain templates are off-limits. These restrictions ensure that the behavior of the standard library remains consistent and well-defined.
Prohibited Specializations:
According to the C standard, the following templates cannot be specialized:
-
numeric_limits: Prohibited for non-arithmetic standard types (e.g., complex
). - shared_ptr: Specializations must be CopyConstructible, CopyAssignable, LessThanComparable, and convertible to bool.
- weak_ptr: Specializations must be CopyConstructible and CopyAssignable.
- hash: Specializations must meet the requirements of class template hash.
-
Class templates in
: Program behavior is undefined if specializations are added for these templates. - Complex: Undefined for types other than float, double, or long double.
- Atomic: Specializations must have a deleted copy constructor, copy assignment operator, and constexpr value constructor.
- Unary_function and binary_function: Deprecated and should not be specialized.
Additional Restrictions:
Furthermore, the standard prohibits the following:
- Adding declarations or definitions to the std namespace or any sub-namespaces without meeting specific requirements.
- Explicit specialization of member functions or member templates of standard library classes.
- Explicit or partial specialization of member class templates of standard library classes.
Allowed Specializations:
Template specializations are only allowed if:
- They depend on a user-defined type.
- They adhere to the standard library requirements for the original template.
- They are not explicitly prohibited as outlined above.
By following these restrictions, programmers can ensure the integrity and predictability of the std namespace and the standard library as a whole.
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