PHP处理密码的几种方式
PHP处理密码的几种方式
在使用PHP开发Web应用的中,很多的应用都会要求用户注册,而注册的时候就需要我们对用户的信息进行处理了,最常见的莫过于就是邮箱和密码了,本文意在讨论对密码的处理:也就是对密码的加密处理。
MD5
相信很多PHP开发者在最先接触PHP的时候,处理密码的首选加密函数可能就是MD5了,我当时就是这样的:
$password = md5($_POST["password"]);
上面这段代码是不是很熟悉?然而MD5的加密方式目前在PHP的江湖中貌似不太受欢迎了,因为它的加密算法实在是显得有点简单了,而且很多破解密码的站点都存放了很多经过MD5加密的密码字符串,所以这里我是非常不提倡还在单单使用MD5来加密用户的密码的。
SHA256 和 SHA512
其实跟前面的MD5同期的还有一个SHA1加密方式的,不过也是算法比较简单,所以这里就一笔带过吧。而这里即将要说到的 SHA256 和 SHA512 都是来自于SHA2家族的加密函数,看名字可能你就猜的出来了,这两个加密方式分别生成256和512比特长度的hash字串。
他们的使用方法如下:
$password = hash("sha256", $password);
PHP内置了 hash() 函数,你只需要将加密方式传给 hash() 函数就好了。你可以直接指明 sha256 , sha512 , md5 , sha1 等加密方式。
盐值
在加密的过程,我们还有一个非常常见的小伙伴:盐值。对,我们在加密的时候其实会给加密的字符串添加一个额外的字符串,以达到提高一定安全的目的:
function generateHashWithSalt($password) {
$intermediateSalt = md5(uniqid(rand(), true));
$salt = substr($intermediateSalt, 0, 6);
return hash("sha256", $password . $salt);
}
Bcrypt
如果让我来建议一种加密方式的话, Bcrypt 可能是我给你推荐的最低要求了,因为我会强烈推荐你后面会说到的 Hashing API ,不过 Bcrypt 也不失为一种比较不错的加密方式了。
function generateHash($password) {
if (defined("CRYPT_BLOWFISH") && CRYPT_BLOWFISH) {
$salt = '$2y$11$' . substr(md5(uniqid(rand(), true)), 0, 22);
return crypt($password, $salt);
}
}
Bcrypt 其实就是 Blowfish 和 crypt() 函数的结合,我们这里通过CRYPT_BLOWFISH 判断 Blowfish 是否可用,然后像上面一样生成一个盐值,不过这里需要注意的是, crypt() 的盐值必须以 $2a$ 或者 $2y$ 开头,详细资料可以参考下面的链接:
http://www.php.net/security/crypt_blowfish.php
更多资料可以看这里:
http://php.net/manual/en/function.crypt.php
Password Hashing API
这里才是我们的重头戏, Password Hashing API 是PHP 5.5之后才有的新特性,它主要是提供下面几个函数供我们使用:
password_hash() – 对密码加密.
password_verify() – 验证已经加密的密码,检验其hash字串是否一致.
password_needs_rehash() – 给密码重新加密.
password_get_info() – 返回加密算法的名称和一些相关信息.
虽然说 crypt() 函数在使用上已足够,但是 password_hash() 不仅可以使我们的代码更加简短,而且还在安全方面给了我们更好的保障,所以,现在PHP的官方都是推荐这种方式来加密用户的密码,很多流行的框架比如 Laravel 就是用的这种加密方式。
$hash = password_hash($passwod, PASSWORD_DEFAULT);
对,就是这么简单,一行代码,All done。
PASSWORD_DEFAULT 目前使用的就是 Bcrypt ,所以在上面我会说推荐这个,不过因为 Password Hashing API 做得更好了,我必须郑重地想你推荐 Password Hashing API 。这里需要注意的是,如果你代码使用的都是 PASSWORD_DEFAULT 加密方式,那么在数据库的表中,password字段就得设置超过60个字符长度,你也可以使用 PASSWORD_BCRYPT ,这个时候,加密后字串总是60个字符长度。
这里使用 password_hash() 你完全可以不提供盐值 (salt) 和 消耗值 (cost),你可以将后者理解为一种性能的消耗值, cost 越大,加密算法越复杂,消耗的内存也就越大。当然,如果你需要指定对应的盐值和消耗值,你可以这样写:
$options = [
'salt' => custom_function_for_salt(), //write your own code to generate a suitable salt
'cost' => 12 // the default cost is 10
];
$hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, $options);
密码加密过后,我们需要对密码进行验证,以此来判断用户输入的密码是否正确:
if (password_verify($password, $hash)) {
// Pass
}
else {
// Invalid
}
很简单的吧,直接使用 password_verify 就可以对我们之前加密过的字符串(存在数据库中)进行验证了。
然而,如果有时候我们需要更改我们的加密方式,如某一天我们突然想更换一下盐值或者提高一下消耗值,我们这时候就要使用到 password_needs_rehash() 函数了:
if (password_needs_rehash($hash, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, ['cost' => 12])) {
// cost change to 12
$hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, ['cost' => 12]);
// don't forget to store the new hash!
}
只有这样,PHP的 Password Hashing API 才会知道我们重现更换了加密方式,这样的主要目的就是为了后面的密码验证。
简单地说一下 password_get_info() ,这个函数一般可以看到下面三个信息:
algo – 算法实例
algoName – 算法名字
options – 加密时候的可选参数
所以,现在就开始用PHP 5.5吧,别再纠结低版本了。

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