PHP 性能的微观分析
PHP 性能的微观分析
一、性能分析相关的函数与命令1.1、时间度量函数
平时我们常用 time() 函数,但是返回的是秒数,对于某段代码的内部性能分析,到秒的精度是不够的。于是要用 microtime 函数。而 microtime 函数可以返回两种形式,一是字符串的形式,一是浮点数的形式。不过需要注意的是,在缺省的情况下,返回的精度只有4位小数。为了获得更高的精确度,我们需要配置 precision。
如下是 microtime 的使用结果。
$start= microtime(true); echo $start."\n"; $end = microtime(true); echo $end."\n"; echo ($end-$start)."\n";
输出为:
bash-3.2# phptime.php
1441360050.3286
1441360050.3292
0.00053000450134277
而在代码前面加上一行:
ini_set("precision", 16);
输出为:
bash-3.2# phptime.php
1441360210.932628
1441360210.932831
0.0002031326293945312
除了 microtime 内部统计之外, 还可以使用 getrusage 来取得用户态的事长。在实际的操作中,也常用 time 命令来计算整个程序的运行时长,通过多次运行或者修改代码后运行,得到不同的时间长度以得到效率上的区别。 具体用法是:time phptime.php ,则在程序运行完成之后,不管是否正常结束退出,都会有相关的统计。
bash-3.2# time phptime.php
1441360373.150756
1441360373.150959
0.0002031326293945312
real 0m0.186s
user 0m0.072s
sys 0m0.077s
因为本文所讨论的性能问题,往往分析上百万次调用之后的差距与趋势,为了避免代码中存在一些时间统计代码,后面我们使用 time 命令居多。
1.2、内存使用相关函数
分析内存使用的函数有两个:memory_ get_ usage、memory_ get_ peak_usage,前者可以获得程序在调用的时间点,即当前所使用的内存,后者可以获得到目前为止高峰时期所使用的内存。所使用的内存以字节为单位。
$base_memory= memory_get_usage(); echo "Hello,world!\n"; $end_memory= memory_get_usage(); $peak_memory= memory_get_peak_usage(); echo $base_memory,"\t",$end_memory,"\t",($end_memory-$base_memory),"\t", $peak_memory,"\n";
输出如下:
bash-3.2# phphelloworld.php
Hello,world!
224400 224568 168 227424
可以看到,即使程序中间只输出了一句话,再加上变量存储,也消耗了168个字节的内存。
对于同一程序,不同 PHP 版本对内存的使用并不相同,甚至还差别很大。
$baseMemory= memory_get_usage(); class User { private $uid; function __construct($uid) { $this->uid= $uid; } } for($i=0;$i<100000;$i++) { $obj= new User($i); if ( $i% 10000 === 0 ) { echo sprintf( '%6d: ', $i), memory_get_usage(), " bytes\n"; } } echo " peak: ",memory_get_peak_usage(true), " bytes\n";
在 PHP 5.2 中,内存使用如下:
[root@localhostphpperf]# php52 memory.php 0: 93784 bytes 10000: 93784 bytes …… 80000: 93784 bytes 90000: 93784 bytes peak: 262144 bytes
PHP 5.3 中,内存使用如下
[root@localhostphpperf]# phpmemory.php 0: 634992 bytes 10000: 634992 bytes …… 80000: 634992 bytes 90000: 634992 bytes peak: 786432 bytes
可见 PHP 5.3 在内存使用上要粗放了一些。
PHP 5.4 - 5.6 差不多,有所优化:
[root@localhostphpperf]# php56 memory.php 0: 224944 bytes 10000: 224920 bytes …… 80000: 224920 bytes 90000: 224920 bytes peak: 262144 bytes
而 PHP 7 在少量使用时,高峰内存的使用,增大很多。
[root@localhostphpperf]# php7 memory.php 0: 353912 bytes 10000: 353912 bytes …… 80000: 353912 bytes 90000: 353912 bytes peak: 2097152 bytes
从上面也看到,以上所使用的 PHP 都有比较好的垃圾回收机制,10万次初始化,并没有随着对象初始化的增多而增加内存的使用。PHP7 的高峰内存使用最多,达到了接近 2M。
下面再来看一个例子,在上面的代码的基础上,我们加上一行,即如下加粗的一行:
$obj->self = $obj;
代码如下:
$baseMemory= memory_get_usage(); class User { private $uid; function __construct($uid) { $this->uid= $uid; } } for($i=0;$i<100000;$i++) { $obj= new User($i); $obj->self = $obj; if ( $i% 5000 === 0 ) { echo sprintf( '%6d: ', $i), memory_get_usage(), " bytes\n"; } }
echo " peak: ",memory_get_peak_usage(true), " bytes\n";

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