PHP中array_keys和array_unique函数源码的分析,arraykeys
PHP中array_keys和array_unique函数源码的分析,arraykeys
性能分析
从运行性能上分析,看看下面的测试代码:
$test=array(); for($run=0; $run<10000; $run++) $test[]=rand(0,100); $time=microtime(true); $out = array_unique($test); $time=microtime(true)-$time; echo 'Array Unique: '.$time."\n"; $time=microtime(true); $out=array_keys(array_flip($test)); $time=microtime(true)-$time; echo 'Keys Flip: '.$time."\n"; $time=microtime(true); $out=array_flip(array_flip($test)); $time=microtime(true)-$time; echo 'Flip Flip: '.$time."\n";
运行结果如下:
从上图可以看到,使用array_unique函数需要0.069s;使用array_flip后再使用array_keys函数需要0.00152s;使用两次array_flip函数需要0.00146s。
测试结果表明,使用array_flip后再调用array_keys函数比array_unique函数快。那么,具体原因是什么呢?让我们看看在PHP底层,这两个函数是怎么实现的。
源码分析
/* {{{ proto array array_keys(array input [, mixed search_value[, bool strict]]) Return just the keys from the input array, optionally only for the specified search_value */ PHP_FUNCTION(array_keys) { //变量定义 zval *input, /* Input array */ *search_value = NULL, /* Value to search for */ **entry, /* An entry in the input array */ res, /* Result of comparison */ *new_val; /* New value */ int add_key; /* Flag to indicate whether a key should be added */ char *string_key; /* String key */ uint string_key_len; ulong num_key; /* Numeric key */ zend_bool strict = 0; /* do strict comparison */ HashPosition pos; int (*is_equal_func)(zval *, zval *, zval * TSRMLS_DC) = is_equal_function; //程序解析参数 if (zend_parse_parameters(ZEND_NUM_ARGS() TSRMLS_CC, "a|zb", &input, &search_value, &strict) == FAILURE) { return; } // 如果strict是true,则设置is_equal_func为is_identical_function,即全等比较 if (strict) { is_equal_func = is_identical_function; } /* 根据search_vale初始化返回的数组大小 */ if (search_value != NULL) { array_init(return_value); } else { array_init_size(return_value, zend_hash_num_elements(Z_ARRVAL_P(input))); } add_key = 1; /* 遍历输入的数组参数,然后添加键值到返回的数组 */ zend_hash_internal_pointer_reset_ex(Z_ARRVAL_P(input), &pos);//重置指针 //循环遍历数组 while (zend_hash_get_current_data_ex(Z_ARRVAL_P(input), (void **)&entry, &pos) == SUCCESS) { // 如果search_value不为空 if (search_value != NULL) { // 判断search_value与当前的值是否相同,并将比较结果保存到add_key变量 is_equal_func(&res, search_value, *entry TSRMLS_CC); add_key = zval_is_true(&res); } if (add_key) { // 创建一个zval结构体 MAKE_STD_ZVAL(new_val); // 根据键值是字符串还是整型数字将值插入到return_value中 switch (zend_hash_get_current_key_ex(Z_ARRVAL_P(input), &string_key, &string_key_len, &num_key, 1, &pos)) { case HASH_KEY_IS_STRING: ZVAL_STRINGL(new_val, string_key, string_key_len - 1, 0); // 此函数负责将值插入到return_value中,如果键值已存在,则使用新值更新对应的值,否则直接插入 zend_hash_next_index_insert(Z_ARRVAL_P(return_value), &new_val, sizeof(zval *), NULL); break; case HASH_KEY_IS_LONG: Z_TYPE_P(new_val) = IS_LONG; Z_LVAL_P(new_val) = num_key; zend_hash_next_index_insert(Z_ARRVAL_P(return_value), &new_val, sizeof(zval *), NULL); break; } } // 移动到下一个 zend_hash_move_forward_ex(Z_ARRVAL_P(input), &pos); } } /* }}} */
以上是array_keys函数底层的源码。为方便理解,笔者添加了一些中文注释。如果需要查看原始代码,可以点击查看。这个函数的功能就是新建一个临时数组,然后将键值对重新复制到新的数组,如果复制过程中有重复的键值出现,那么就用新的值替换。这个函数的主要步骤是地57和63行调用的zend_hash_next_index_insert函数。该函数将元素插入到数组中,如果出现重复的值,则使用新的值更新原键值指向的值,否则直接插入,时间复杂度是O(n)。
/* {{{ proto array array_flip(array input) Return array with key <-> value flipped */ PHP_FUNCTION(array_flip) { // 定义变量 zval *array, **entry, *data; char *string_key; uint str_key_len; ulong num_key; HashPosition pos; // 解析数组参数 if (zend_parse_parameters(ZEND_NUM_ARGS() TSRMLS_CC, "a", &array) == FAILURE) { return; } // 初始化返回数组 array_init_size(return_value, zend_hash_num_elements(Z_ARRVAL_P(array))); // 重置指针 zend_hash_internal_pointer_reset_ex(Z_ARRVAL_P(array), &pos); // 遍历每个元素,并执行键<->值交换操作 while (zend_hash_get_current_data_ex(Z_ARRVAL_P(array), (void **)&entry, &pos) == SUCCESS) { // 初始化一个结构体 MAKE_STD_ZVAL(data); // 将原数组的值赋值为新数组的键 switch (zend_hash_get_current_key_ex(Z_ARRVAL_P(array), &string_key, &str_key_len, &num_key, 1, &pos)) { case HASH_KEY_IS_STRING: ZVAL_STRINGL(data, string_key, str_key_len - 1, 0); break; case HASH_KEY_IS_LONG: Z_TYPE_P(data) = IS_LONG; Z_LVAL_P(data) = num_key; break; } // 将原数组的键赋值为新数组的值,如果有重复的,则使用新值覆盖旧值 if (Z_TYPE_PP(entry) == IS_LONG) { zend_hash_index_update(Z_ARRVAL_P(return_value), Z_LVAL_PP(entry), &data, sizeof(data), NULL); } else if (Z_TYPE_PP(entry) == IS_STRING) { zend_symtable_update(Z_ARRVAL_P(return_value), Z_STRVAL_PP(entry), Z_STRLEN_PP(entry) + 1, &data, sizeof(data), NULL); } else { zval_ptr_dtor(&data); /* will free also zval structure */ php_error_docref(NULL TSRMLS_CC, E_WARNING, "Can only flip STRING and INTEGER values!"); } // 下一个 zend_hash_move_forward_ex(Z_ARRVAL_P(array), &pos); } } /* }}} */
上面就是是array_flip函数的源码。点击链接查看原始代码。这个函数主要的做的事情就是创建一个新的数组,遍历原数组。在26行开始将原数组的值赋值为新数组的键,然后在37行开始将原数组的键赋值为新数组的值,如果有重复的,则使用新值覆盖旧值。整个函数的时间复杂度也是O(n)。因此,使用了array_flip之后再使用array_keys的时间复杂度是O(n)。
接下来,我们看看array_unique函数的源码。点击链接查看原始代码。
/* {{{ proto array array_unique(array input [, int sort_flags]) Removes duplicate values from array */ PHP_FUNCTION(array_unique) { // 定义变量 zval *array, *tmp; Bucket *p; struct bucketindex { Bucket *b; unsigned int i; }; struct bucketindex *arTmp, *cmpdata, *lastkept; unsigned int i; long sort_type = PHP_SORT_STRING; // 解析参数 if (zend_parse_parameters(ZEND_NUM_ARGS() TSRMLS_CC, "a|l", &array, &sort_type) == FAILURE) { return; } // 设置比较函数 php_set_compare_func(sort_type TSRMLS_CC); // 初始化返回数组 array_init_size(return_value, zend_hash_num_elements(Z_ARRVAL_P(array))); // 将值拷贝到新数组 zend_hash_copy(Z_ARRVAL_P(return_value), Z_ARRVAL_P(array), (copy_ctor_func_t) zval_add_ref, (void *)&tmp, sizeof(zval*)); if (Z_ARRVAL_P(array)->nNumOfElements <= 1) { /* 什么都不做 */ return; } /* 根据target_hash buckets的指针创建数组并排序 */ arTmp = (struct bucketindex *) pemalloc((Z_ARRVAL_P(array)->nNumOfElements + 1) * sizeof(struct bucketindex), Z_ARRVAL_P(array)->persistent); if (!arTmp) { zval_dtor(return_value); RETURN_FALSE; } for (i = 0, p = Z_ARRVAL_P(array)->pListHead; p; i++, p = p->pListNext) { arTmp[i].b = p; arTmp[i].i = i; } arTmp[i].b = NULL; // 排序 zend_qsort((void *) arTmp, i, sizeof(struct bucketindex), php_array_data_compare TSRMLS_CC); /* 遍历排序好的数组,然后删除重复的元素 */ lastkept = arTmp; for (cmpdata = arTmp + 1; cmpdata->b; cmpdata++) { if (php_array_data_compare(lastkept, cmpdata TSRMLS_CC)) { lastkept = cmpdata; } else { if (lastkept->i > cmpdata->i) { p = lastkept->b; lastkept = cmpdata; } else { p = cmpdata->b; } if (p->nKeyLength == 0) { zend_hash_index_del(Z_ARRVAL_P(return_value), p->h); } else { if (Z_ARRVAL_P(return_value) == &EG(symbol_table)) { zend_delete_global_variable(p->arKey, p->nKeyLength - 1 TSRMLS_CC); } else { zend_hash_quick_del(Z_ARRVAL_P(return_value), p->arKey, p->nKeyLength, p->h); } } } } pefree(arTmp, Z_ARRVAL_P(array)->persistent); } /* }}} */
可以看到,这个函数初始化一个新的数组,然后将值拷贝到新数组,然后在45行调用排序函数对数组进行排序,排序的算法是zend引擎的块树排序算法。接着遍历排序好的数组,删除重复的元素。整个函数开销最大的地方就在调用排序函数上,而快排的时间复杂度是O(nlogn),因此,该函数的时间复杂度是O(nlogn)。
结论
因为array_unique底层调用了快排算法,加大了函数运行的时间开销,导致整个函数的运行较慢。这就是为什么array_keys比array_unique函数更快的原因。
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