Python中的特殊语法:filter、map、reduce、lambda介绍
filter(function, sequence):对sequence中的item依次执行function(item),将执行结果为True的item组成一个List/String/Tuple(取决于sequence的类型)返回:
>>> def f(x): return x % 2 != 0 and x % 3 != 0
>>> filter(f, range(2, 25))
[5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23]
>>> def f(x): return x != 'a'
>>> filter(f, "abcdef")
'bcdef'
map(function, sequence) :对sequence中的item依次执行function(item),见执行结果组成一个List返回:
>>> def cube(x): return x*x*x
>>> map(cube, range(1, 11))
[1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000]
>>> def cube(x) : return x + x
...
>>> map(cube , "abcde")
['aa', 'bb', 'cc', 'dd', 'ee']
另外map也支持多个sequence,这就要求function也支持相应数量的参数输入:
>>> def add(x, y): return x+y
>>> map(add, range(8), range(8))
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14]
reduce(function, sequence, starting_value):对sequence中的item顺序迭代调用function,如果有starting_value,还可以作为初始值调用,例如可以用来对List求和:
>>> def add(x,y): return x + y
>>> reduce(add, range(1, 11))
55 (注:1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10)
>>> reduce(add, range(1, 11), 20)
75 (注:1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+20)
lambda:这是Python支持一种有趣的语法,它允许你快速定义单行的最小函数,类似与C语言中的宏,这些叫做lambda的函数,是从LISP借用来的,可以用在任何需要函数的地方:
>>> g = lambda x: x * 2
>>> g(3)
6
>>> (lambda x: x * 2)(3)
6
我们也可以把filter map reduce 和lambda结合起来用,函数就可以简单的写成一行。
例如:
kmpathes = filter(lambda kmpath: kmpath,
map(lambda kmpath: string.strip(kmpath),
string.split(l, ':')))
看起来麻烦,其实就像用语言来描述问题一样,非常优雅。
对 l 中的所有元素以':'做分割,得出一个列表。对这个列表的每一个元素做字符串strip,形成一个列表。对这个列表的每一个元素做直接返回操作(这个地方可以加上过滤条件限制),最终获得一个字符串被':'分割的列表,列表中的每一个字符串都做了strip,并可以对特殊字符串过滤。
---------------------------------------------------------------
lambda表达式返回一个函数对象
例子:
func = lambda x,y:x+y
func相当于下面这个函数
def func(x,y):
return x+y
注意def是语句而lambda是表达式
下面这种情况下就只能用lambda而不能用def
[(lambda x:x*x)(x) for x in range(1,11)]
map,reduce,filter中的function都可以用lambda表达式来生成!
map(function,sequence)
把sequence中的值当参数逐个传给function,返回一个包含函数执行结果的list。
如果function有两个参数,即map(function,sequence1,sequence2)。
例子:
求1*1,2*2,3*3,4*4
map(lambda x:x*x,range(1,5))
返回值是[1,4,9,16]
reduce(function,sequence)
function接收的参数个数只能为2
先把sequence中第一个值和第二个值当参数传给function,再把function的返回值和第三个值当参数传给
function,然后只返回一个结果。
例子:
求1到10的累加
reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,range(1,11))
返回值是55。
filter(function,sequence)
function的返回值只能是True或False
把sequence中的值逐个当参数传给function,如果function(x)的返回值是True,就把x加到filter的返回值里面。一般来说filter的返回值是list,特殊情况如sequence是string或tuple,则返回值按照sequence的类型。
例子:
找出1到10之间的奇数
filter(lambda x:x%2!=0,range(1,11))
返回值
[1,3,5,7,9]
如果sequence是一个string
filter(lambda x:len(x)!=0,'hello')返回'hello'
filter(lambda x:len(x)==0,'hello')返回''

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