在Mac OS上部署Nginx和FastCGI以及Flask框架的教程
最近在学习Flask，本文介绍一下如何部署Flask开发的应用，同时也学习一下Nginx的使用，这只是在Mac上的一个实验。
应用
这里使用的应用就是官方的文档中给出的Flaskr。
安装Nginx
使用HomeBrew安装Nginx：
$ brew install nginx
HomeBrew会自动安装Nginx及其依赖的程序。在我的电脑上安装的是Nginx 1.6.2，配置文件的路径是/usr/local/etc/nginx/nginx.conf。
启动Nginx的命令：
$ nginx
Nginx的默认端口是8080，用浏览器打开localhost:8080，显示如下所示的页面说明Nginx已经工作了。
配置Nginx
修改Nginx的配置文件：
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
charset utf-8;
location / { try_files $uri @flaskr; }
location @flaskr {
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME "";
fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/flaskr-fcgi.sock;
}
}
重新启动Nginx：
$ nginx -s quit $ sudo nginx
因为使用了80端口，启动Nginx时需要加上sudo。
启动完成后，访问localhost：
访问时出现了错误，这是因为我们的应用还没有启动。
FastCGI Server
Nginx是一个静态WEB服务器，不能直接运行我们的Python应用，当Nginx接受到请求时，会通过FastCGI转发给我们的应用，应用是运行在FastCGI Server上的，这个server接收Nginx的请求并调用我们的程序，将结果返回给Nginx，Nginx再将结果返回给用户。
我们要使用的FastCGI Server是flup，安装方法：
$ pip install flup
在应用目录下创建一个fcgi文件，例如flaskr.fcgi：
#!/usr/bin/python from flup.server.fcgi import WSGIServer from flaskr import app if __name__ == '__main__': WSGIServer(app, bindAddress='/tmp/flaskr-fcgi.sock').run()
同时给fcgi文件可执行的权限：
$ chmod +x flaskr.fcgi
手动启动server：
$ screen $ ./flaskr.fcgi
使用screen使server在后台运行，或者：
$ nohup ./flaskr.fcgi &
再次访问localhost就可以看到我们的应用了。
遇到的问题
第一次运行FastCGI server后，任然无法访问，查看Nginx的日志后发现Nginx服务器没有权限访问socket文件，修改nginx.conf添加user配置：
启动的时候Nginx报错：
nginx: [emerg] getgrnam("wzy") failed in /usr/local/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:2
Google一下后发现要加上用户组才行，改成这样：
再次启动Nginx后一切正常了。
Nginx配置项user的使用方法：
Syntax: user user [group]; Default: user nobody nobody;
如果忽略group，Nginx会使用和user名称一样的用户组，例如我设置user wzy，那么Nginx启动的时候会去查找用户组wzy，我的电脑上没有这个用户组，所以Nginx会报错。
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