玩转python爬虫之cookie使用方法
之前一篇文章我们学习了爬虫的异常处理问题，那么接下来我们一起来看一下Cookie的使用。
为什么要使用Cookie呢？
Cookie，指某些网站为了辨别用户身份、进行session跟踪而储存在用户本地终端上的数据（通常经过加密）
比如说有些网站需要登录后才能访问某个页面，在登录之前，你想抓取某个页面内容是不允许的。那么我们可以利用Urllib2库保存我们登录的Cookie，然后再抓取其他页面就达到目的了。
在此之前呢，我们必须先介绍一个opener的概念。
1.Opener
当你获取一个URL你使用一个opener(一个urllib2.OpenerDirector的实例)。在前面，我们都是使用的默认的opener，也就是urlopen。它是一个特殊的opener，可以理解成opener的一个特殊实例，传入的参数仅仅是url，data，timeout。
如果我们需要用到Cookie，只用这个opener是不能达到目的的，所以我们需要创建更一般的opener来实现对Cookie的设置。
2.Cookielib
cookielib模块的主要作用是提供可存储cookie的对象，以便于与urllib2模块配合使用来访问Internet资源。Cookielib模块非常强大，我们可以利用本模块的CookieJar类的对象来捕获cookie并在后续连接请求时重新发送，比如可以实现模拟登录功能。该模块主要的对象有CookieJar、FileCookieJar、MozillaCookieJar、LWPCookieJar。
它们的关系：CookieJar —-派生—->FileCookieJar —-派生—–>MozillaCookieJar和LWPCookieJar
1）获取Cookie保存到变量
首先，我们先利用CookieJar对象实现获取cookie的功能，存储到变量中，先来感受一下
import urllib2
import cookielib
#声明一个CookieJar对象实例来保存cookie
cookie = cookielib.CookieJar()
#利用urllib2库的HTTPCookieProcessor对象来创建cookie处理器
handler=urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
#通过handler来构建opener
opener = urllib2.build_opener(handler)
#此处的open方法同urllib2的urlopen方法，也可以传入request
response = opener.open('http://www.baidu.com')
for item in cookie:
print 'Name = '+item.name
print 'Value = '+item.value
我们使用以上方法将cookie保存到变量中，然后打印出了cookie中的值，运行结果如下
Name = BAIDUID Value = B07B663B645729F11F659C02AAE65B4C:FG=1 Name = BAIDUPSID Value = B07B663B645729F11F659C02AAE65B4C Name = H_PS_PSSID Value = 12527_11076_1438_10633 Name = BDSVRTM Value = 0 Name = BD_HOME Value = 0
2）保存Cookie到文件
在上面的方法中，我们将cookie保存到了cookie这个变量中，如果我们想将cookie保存到文件中该怎么做呢？这时，我们就要用到
FileCookieJar这个对象了，在这里我们使用它的子类MozillaCookieJar来实现Cookie的保存
import cookielib
import urllib2
#设置保存cookie的文件，同级目录下的cookie.txt
filename = 'cookie.txt'
#声明一个MozillaCookieJar对象实例来保存cookie，之后写入文件
cookie = cookielib.MozillaCookieJar(filename)
#利用urllib2库的HTTPCookieProcessor对象来创建cookie处理器
handler = urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
#通过handler来构建opener
opener = urllib2.build_opener(handler)
#创建一个请求，原理同urllib2的urlopen
response = opener.open("http://www.baidu.com")
#保存cookie到文件
cookie.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
关于最后save方法的两个参数在此说明一下：
官方解释如下：
ignore_discard: save even cookies set to be discarded.
ignore_expires: save even cookies that have expiredThe file is overwritten if it already exists
由此可见，ignore_discard的意思是即使cookies将被丢弃也将它保存下来，ignore_expires的意思是如果在该文件中cookies已经存在，则覆盖原文件写入，在这里，我们将这两个全部设置为True。运行之后，cookies将被保存到cookie.txt文件中，我们查看一下内容，附图如下
3）从文件中获取Cookie并访问
那么我们已经做到把Cookie保存到文件中了，如果以后想使用，可以利用下面的方法来读取cookie并访问网站，感受一下
import cookielib
import urllib2
#创建MozillaCookieJar实例对象
cookie = cookielib.MozillaCookieJar()
#从文件中读取cookie内容到变量
cookie.load('cookie.txt', ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
#创建请求的request
req = urllib2.Request("http://www.baidu.com")
#利用urllib2的build_opener方法创建一个opener
opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie))
response = opener.open(req)
print response.read()
设想，如果我们的 cookie.txt 文件中保存的是某个人登录百度的cookie，那么我们提取出这个cookie文件内容，就可以用以上方法模拟这个人的账号登录百度。
4）利用cookie模拟网站登录
下面我们以我们学校的教育系统为例，利用cookie实现模拟登录，并将cookie信息保存到文本文件中，来感受一下cookie大法吧！
注意：密码我改了啊，别偷偷登录本宫的选课系统 o(╯□╰)o
import urllib
import urllib2
import cookielib
filename = 'cookie.txt'
#声明一个MozillaCookieJar对象实例来保存cookie，之后写入文件
cookie = cookielib.MozillaCookieJar(filename)
opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie))
postdata = urllib.urlencode({
'stuid':'201200131012',
'pwd':'23342321'
})
#登录教务系统的URL
loginUrl = 'http://jwxt.sdu.edu.cn:7890/pls/wwwbks/bks_login2.login'
#模拟登录，并把cookie保存到变量
result = opener.open(loginUrl,postdata)
#保存cookie到cookie.txt中
cookie.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
#利用cookie请求访问另一个网址，此网址是成绩查询网址
gradeUrl = 'http://jwxt.sdu.edu.cn:7890/pls/wwwbks/bkscjcx.curscopre'
#请求访问成绩查询网址
result = opener.open(gradeUrl)
print result.read()
以上程序的原理如下
创建一个带有cookie的opener，在访问登录的URL时，将登录后的cookie保存下来，然后利用这个cookie来访问其他网址。
如登录之后才能查看的成绩查询呀，本学期课表呀等等网址，模拟登录就这么实现啦，是不是很酷炫？
好，小伙伴们要加油哦！我们现在可以顺利获取网站信息了，接下来就是把网站里面有效内容提取出来，下一篇文章我们去会会正则表达式！
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