玩转python爬虫之URLError异常处理
本节在这里主要说的是URLError还有HTTPError，以及对它们的一些处理。
1.URLError
首先解释下URLError可能产生的原因：
- 网络无连接，即本机无法上网
- 连接不到特定的服务器
- 服务器不存在
在代码中，我们需要用try-except语句来包围并捕获相应的异常。下面是一个例子，先感受下它的风骚
import urllib2
requset = urllib2.Request('http://www.xxxxx.com')
try:
urllib2.urlopen(requset)
except urllib2.URLError, e:
print e.reason
我们利用了 urlopen方法访问了一个不存在的网址，运行结果如下：
[Errno 11004] getaddrinfo failed
它说明了错误代号是11004，错误原因是 getaddrinfo failed
2.HTTPError
HTTPError是URLError的子类，在你利用urlopen方法发出一个请求时，服务器上都会对应一个应答对象response，其中它包含一个数字”状态码”。举个例子，假如response是一个”重定向”，需定位到别的地址获取文档，urllib2将对此进行处理。
其他不能处理的，urlopen会产生一个HTTPError，对应相应的状态吗，HTTP状态码表示HTTP协议所返回的响应的状态。下面将状态码归结如下：
- 100：继续 客户端应当继续发送请求。客户端应当继续发送请求的剩余部分，或者如果请求已经完成，忽略这个响应。
- 101： 转换协议 在发送完这个响应最后的空行后，服务器将会切换到在Upgrade 消息头中定义的那些协议。只有在切换新的协议更有好处的时候才应该采取类似措施。
- 102：继续处理 由WebDAV（RFC 2518）扩展的状态码，代表处理将被继续执行。
- 200：请求成功 处理方式：获得响应的内容，进行处理
- 201：请求完成，结果是创建了新资源。新创建资源的URI可在响应的实体中得到 处理方式：爬虫中不会遇到
- 202：请求被接受，但处理尚未完成 处理方式：阻塞等待
- 204：服务器端已经实现了请求，但是没有返回新的信 息。如果客户是用户代理，则无须为此更新自身的文档视图。 处理方式：丢弃
- 300：该状态码不被HTTP/1.0的应用程序直接使用， 只是作为3XX类型回应的默认解释。存在多个可用的被请求资源。 处理方式：若程序中能够处理，则进行进一步处理，如果程序中不能处理，则丢弃
- 301：请求到的资源都会分配一个永久的URL，这样就可以在将来通过该URL来访问此资源 处理方式：重定向到分配的URL
- 302：请求到的资源在一个不同的URL处临时保存 处理方式：重定向到临时的URL
- 304：请求的资源未更新 处理方式：丢弃
- 400：非法请求 处理方式：丢弃
- 401：未授权 处理方式：丢弃
- 403：禁止 处理方式：丢弃
- 404：没有找到 处理方式：丢弃
- 500：服务器内部错误 服务器遇到了一个未曾预料的状况，导致了它无法完成对请求的处理。一般来说，这个问题都会在服务器端的源代码出现错误时出现。
- 501：服务器无法识别 服务器不支持当前请求所需要的某个功能。当服务器无法识别请求的方法，并且无法支持其对任何资源的请求。
- 502：错误网关 作为网关或者代理工作的服务器尝试执行请求时，从上游服务器接收到无效的响应。
- 503：服务出错 由于临时的服务器维护或者过载，服务器当前无法处理请求。这个状况是临时的，并且将在一段时间以后恢复。
HTTPError实例产生后会有一个code属性，这就是是服务器发送的相关错误号。
因为urllib2可以为你处理重定向，也就是3开头的代号可以被处理，并且100-299范围的号码指示成功，所以你只能看到400-599的错误号码。
下面我们写一个例子来感受一下，捕获的异常是HTTPError，它会带有一个code属性，就是错误代号，另外我们又打印了reason属性，这是它的父类URLError的属性。
import urllib2
req = urllib2.Request('http://blog.csdn.net/cqcre')
try:
urllib2.urlopen(req)
except urllib2.HTTPError, e:
print e.code
print e.reason
运行结果如下
403 Forbidden
错误代号是403，错误原因是Forbidden，说明服务器禁止访问。
我们知道，HTTPError的父类是URLError，根据编程经验，父类的异常应当写到子类异常的后面，如果子类捕获不到，那么可以捕获父类的异常，所以上述的代码可以这么改写
import urllib2
req = urllib2.Request('http://blog.csdn.net/cqcre')
try:
urllib2.urlopen(req)
except urllib2.HTTPError, e:
print e.code
except urllib2.URLError, e:
print e.reason
else:
print "OK"
如果捕获到了HTTPError，则输出code，不会再处理URLError异常。如果发生的不是HTTPError，则会去捕获URLError异常，输出错误原因。
另外还可以加入 hasattr属性提前对属性进行判断，代码改写如下
import urllib2
req = urllib2.Request('http://blog.csdn.net/cqcre')
try:
urllib2.urlopen(req)
except urllib2.URLError, e:
if hasattr(e,"code"):
print e.code
if hasattr(e,"reason"):
print e.reason
else:
print "OK"
首先对异常的属性进行判断，以免出现属性输出报错的现象。
以上，就是对URLError和HTTPError的相关介绍，以及相应的错误处理办法
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