Home Database Mysql Tutorial SQL Server如何保证可空字段中非空值唯一

SQL Server如何保证可空字段中非空值唯一

Jun 07, 2016 pm 06:01 PM
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今天同学向我提了一个问题,我觉得蛮有意思,现记录下来大家探讨下。问题是:在一个表里面,有一个允许为空的字段,空是可以重复的,但是不为空的值需要唯一。

表结构如下面代码创建

代码如下:
CREATE TABLE test_tb
(
TestId int not null identity(1,1) primary key,
Caption nvarchar(100) null
);
GO

解决方案1:
对于这个问题,大家的第一个想法可能是:在Caption这个字段上面加一个唯一键不就可以了吗?好,我们按着这个思路做下去,先创建唯一索引。
代码如下:
CREATE UNIQUE NONCLUSTERED INDEX un_test_tb
ON test_tb(Caption)
GO

索引创建好了,我们来测试下效果
代码如下:
INSERT INTO test_tb (Caption)
VALUES (null)
GO
INSERT INTO test_tb (Caption)
VALUES (null)
GO

运行之后我们会收到下面的错误信息:
以下为引用的内容:
消息 2601,级别 14,状态 1,第 1 行
不能在具有唯一索引 'un_test_tb' 的对象 'dbo.test_tb' 中插入重复键的行。
语句已终止。

所以该解决方案是不行的。
解决方案2:
添加约束,让SQL Server在插入数据的时候,先验证下已有数据中是否有现在要插入的这个值。由于这个约束不是简单的一个运算,因此我们先创建一个函数,然后再在约束中调用这个函数。
创建验证逻辑函数:
代码如下:
CREATE FUNCTION [dbo].[fn_CK_test_tb_Caption]()
RETURNS BIT
AS
BEGIN
IF(EXISTS(
SELECT 1
FROM test_tb AS a
WHERE (Caption IS NOT NULL) AND EXISTS
(SELECT 1 AS Expr1
FROM test_tb
WHERE (Caption IS NOT NULL) AND (Caption = a.Caption) AND (a.TestId TestId))
))
RETURN 0
RETURN 1
END
GO

在约束中引用函数:
代码如下:
ALTER TABLE test_tb
ADD CONSTRAINT CK_test_tb_Caption CHECK (dbo.fn_CK_test_tb_Caption() = 1)
GO

现在来测试下效果。先来测试NULL值
代码如下:
INSERT INTO test_tb (Caption)
VALUES (null)
GO
INSERT INTO test_tb (Caption)
VALUES (null)
GO
SELECT * FROM test_tb
GO

可以成功运行,而且也出了多行为NULL的情况。现在再来测试不为空的插入情况。
代码如下:
INSERT INTO test_tb (Caption)
VALUES (N'AAA')
GO
INSERT INTO test_tb (Caption)
VALUES (N'BBB')
GO
INSERT INTO test_tb (Caption)
VALUES (N'BBB')
GO
SELECT * FROM test_tb
GO

结果是在第三条语句的时候报错了,表中的Caption字段也有‘AAA'和‘BBB'了,这也正好是我们要的结果。
所以解决方案2是正确的。但是为了这么一个小小功能,就写这么长一段东西是不是太繁琐了呢?我们来看下面的解决方案。
解决方案3:(只适用于SQL Server 2008)
SQL Server 2008中有了一个优雅的解决方案,那就是筛选索引。筛选索引是一种经过优化的非聚集索引,尤其适用于涵盖从定义完善的数据子集中选择数据的查询。筛选索引使用筛选谓词对表中的部分行进行索引。有了筛选索引,我们只需要写一条语句就达到上面的效果。
代码如下:
CREATE UNIQUE NONCLUSTERED INDEX un_test_tb
ON test_tb(Caption)
WHERE Caption is not null
GO

再用上面的一些测试语句来测试的话,会发现完全是达到了我们的要求。这个方案的唯一缺点就是该语句只有SQL Server 2008支持。不知道各位有没有又优雅又适用于各个版本的SQL Server的解决方案,望不胜赐教。
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